Which of the following new drug is indicated in managing SIADH , non - * peptide and competitive antagonist of ADH 's water sparing effects in the collecting ducts of nephron?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Conivaptan. Conivaptan is a non-peptide competitive antagonist of ADH, specifically targeting the V2 receptors in the collecting ducts of the nephron. This mechanism of action inhibits ADH's water-sparing effects, making it an effective treatment for SIADH. A: Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used for conditions like cerebral edema and acute kidney injury, not specifically for SIADH. B: Bumetanide is a loop diuretic used for conditions like heart failure and hypertension, not for managing SIADH. C: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used for conditions like heart failure and hypertension, not for treating SIADH. In summary, Conivaptan is the correct choice for managing SIADH due to its specific mechanism of action as a competitive antagonist of ADH in the collecting ducts, while the other options are

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in the glomerular capsule, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Choice B (the loop of Henle cells) is incorrect as they are involved in urine concentration, not hormone production. Choice C (pyramids of the kidney) is incorrect as they are structures in the kidney, not involved in hormone production. Choice D (adrenaline) is incorrect as it is produced by the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute glomerulonephritis. In this scenario, administering calcium is unwise with hyperkalemia because acute glomerulonephritis can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate, which impairs the excretion of potassium. Calcium administration can worsen hyperkalemia by shifting potassium out of cells and into the bloodstream. Rhabdomyolysis (choice A) can cause hyperkalemia due to cell breakdown, and calcium may be beneficial to stabilize cell membranes. Nephrotoxic ATN (choice B) and ischemic ATN (choice C) are both conditions where calcium administration can help protect kidneys from further damage, but in acute glomerulonephritis, the risk of worsening hyperkalemia outweighs the potential benefits of calcium administration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because renal colic can present without hematuria. Renal colic is typically associated with severe flank pain caused by ureteral stones. Hematuria is a common symptom but not always present. This is due to the stone's location and size affecting the degree of irritation and damage to the urinary tract. Therefore, the absence of hematuria does not exclude the possibility of renal colic. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Females are not more commonly affected than males, calculi can be either radio-opaque or radio-lucent, and the recurrence rate by 5 years is closer to 50% rather than 20%.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dysuria. Dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, which is a common symptom of prostatitis due to inflammation of the prostate gland. The patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination aligns with the definition of dysuria. B: This choice is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information related to the patient's symptoms. C: Nocturia is the increased need to urinate at night and is not directly related to the patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination. D: This choice is also incomplete and does not address the patient's specific symptoms of prostatitis.