Which of the following nerves is related to the medial surface of thyroid gland?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: External laryngeal nerve. This nerve runs along the medial surface of the thyroid gland, providing motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue, C: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the larynx, and D: Vagus nerve innervates various organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: High plasma levels of glucose. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, pancreatic beta cells sense this increase and release insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy production or storage. This is known as the glucose-stimulated insulin release mechanism. Low plasma levels of calcium (choice A), high plasma levels of potassium (choice B), and low blood volume (choice D) do not directly stimulate insulin release and are unrelated to the regulation of insulin secretion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Testosterone is an androgen hormone primarily produced in the testes. 2. Androgens are responsible for male characteristics and reproductive functions. 3. Progesterone is a female sex hormone, not an androgen. 4. Estrogen is also a female sex hormone, not an androgen. 5. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not an androgen. Summary: Testosterone is the correct answer as it is a male sex hormone with androgenic properties. Progesterone, estrogen, and aldosterone are not androgens and do not exhibit the same functions as testosterone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because obesity can lead to insulin resistance, which antagonizes insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels. Additionally, obesity is associated with increased risk of hypertension, leading to increased blood pressure. Therefore, all choices are applicable in describing the effects of obesity on the body.