Which of the following medications is used to treat osteoporosis by increasing bone density?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Alendronate. Alendronate is a bisphosphonate that works by slowing down bone loss and increasing bone density in osteoporosis. It inhibits osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue. Raloxifene (A) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, not primarily used to increase bone density. Calcium carbonate (B) is a supplement to support bone health but not specifically for treating osteoporosis. Cholecalciferol (D) is a form of vitamin D used to support calcium absorption but does not directly increase bone density.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Alprazolam, Lorazepam, and Diazepam are all benzodiazepines that enhance the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity, leading to reduced anxiety and panic. These medications work by binding to GABA receptors and increasing the inhibitory actions of GABA. Therefore, all three medications are commonly prescribed to treat anxiety and panic disorders. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect because each of these medications individually is commonly prescribed for anxiety and panic disorders by enhancing GABA effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reducing inflammation in the airways. Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that works by reducing inflammation in the airways, which helps to control asthma symptoms. Corticosteroids like fluticasone target the underlying inflammation in asthma, leading to decreased airway swelling and mucus production. This helps to improve airflow and reduce asthma symptoms over time. Choice A is incorrect as histamine release inhibition is typically targeted by antihistamines, not corticosteroids like fluticasone. Choice B is incorrect because leukotriene receptor blockers target a different pathway in asthma treatment. Choice D is incorrect as bronchodilation, or relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, is typically achieved by bronchodilator medications like beta-agonists, not corticosteroids.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fexofenadine. It is a second-generation antihistamine that helps reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis by blocking the action of histamine. Histamine is released during an allergic reaction, causing symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Ibuprofen (B) is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, not typically used for allergic rhinitis. Loratadine (C) is another second-generation antihistamine, also used to treat allergic rhinitis. Paracetamol (D) is a pain reliever and fever reducer, not specifically used for allergic rhinitis symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the most commonly used medication for treating acute anaphylaxis due to its rapid onset of action and ability to reverse severe allergic reactions. It works by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening airways. Diphenhydramine (B) is an antihistamine that can help with mild allergic reactions but is not as effective as epinephrine for anaphylaxis. Albuterol (C) is a bronchodilator used for asthma and may help with airway constriction in some cases of anaphylaxis, but it is not the first-line treatment. Prednisone (D) is a corticosteroid that can help reduce inflammation but is not fast-acting enough for the immediate treatment of anaphylaxis.