Which of the following medications is most commonly used to treat acute angina attacks?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nitroglycerin is the correct answer for treating acute angina attacks. It is a vasodilator that helps relax and widen blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle. This relieves chest pain during an angina attack. Aspirin is not typically used to treat acute angina attacks but is used for its antiplatelet effects in preventing heart attacks. Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide are not indicated for the acute treatment of angina attacks as they are blood pressure medications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Metformin is the correct answer as it works by increasing insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. It does this by decreasing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin utilization in peripheral tissues. Insulin (A) is not used to increase insulin sensitivity but to directly lower blood sugar levels. Sulfonylureas (C) and DPP-4 inhibitors (D) work by stimulating insulin release and inhibiting its breakdown respectively, not by increasing insulin sensitivity.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron to inhibit the sodium-chloride symporter, leading to increased excretion of sodium and water. This mechanism results in decreased blood volume and subsequently lowers blood pressure, making it an effective treatment for hypertension. Option B is incorrect as hydrochlorothiazide does not block calcium channels. Option C is incorrect as hydrochlorothiazide actually increases the excretion of sodium and water, not potassium. Option D is incorrect as hydrochlorothiazide does not directly inhibit aldosterone secretion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blocking muscarinic receptors in the airways. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic medication that works by blocking muscarinic receptors in the airways, leading to bronchodilation. This blocks the action of acetylcholine, which normally causes bronchoconstriction in asthma. Option B, stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors, is incorrect because ipratropium does not directly target beta-2 receptors. Option C, inhibiting histamine release, is incorrect as ipratropium does not affect histamine release. Option D, increasing acetylcholine release, is incorrect as ipratropium actually blocks the action of acetylcholine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Methimazole. Methimazole is an anti-thyroid medication that works by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones, making it a common treatment for hyperthyroidism. It blocks the enzyme responsible for thyroid hormone production. Levothyroxine (A) is used to treat hypothyroidism by providing thyroid hormone replacement. Amiodarone (C) is an anti-arrhythmic drug that can cause thyroid dysfunction but is not commonly used for hyperthyroidism treatment. Prednisone (D) is a corticosteroid and is not used to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis.