Which of the following medications is associated with long acting insulin?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glargine (Lantus), because it is a long-acting insulin that provides a steady release of insulin over a 24-hour period. Glargine has a duration of action of up to 24 hours, making it suitable for once-daily dosing. Isophane NPH (Humalin N), choice A, is an intermediate-acting insulin with a duration of action of around 12-16 hours. Insulin glulisine (Apidra) and Insulin Aspart (Novolog), choices B and C, are rapid-acting insulins with a quicker onset and shorter duration of action compared to long-acting insulins like Glargine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dopamine. In Parkinson's disease, there is a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to motor symptoms. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement control. Oxytocin (B) is a hormone involved in social bonding. Acetylcholine (C) is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement. Adrenaline (D) is a hormone involved in the stress response. The loss of dopamine in Parkinson's disease leads to an imbalance in neurotransmitters, causing motor dysfunction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Teratogenicity. Teratogenicity refers to the ability of a drug to cause harm to a developing fetus. This factor is crucial in determining drug actions because drugs can have different effects on pregnant women and their unborn babies. Age (B), body weight (C), and metabolic rate (D) can influence drug actions, but they do not directly address the impact on a developing fetus, unlike teratogenicity. Thus, A is the correct choice as it specifically relates to the potential harm drugs can cause during pregnancy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C because ethambutol targets arabinosyl transferase, an enzyme involved in mycobacterial cell wall synthesis. Resistance is commonly due to gene-induced changes in this enzyme, reducing drug efficacy. A: Topoisomerase II is not targeted by ethambutol. B: Increased metabolism wouldn't affect drug's target. D: Multiefflux pump activity is not related to ethambutol resistance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amphotericin B. This drug is known to cause abnormal lab results such as electrolyte imbalances (specifically hypokalemia), kidney dysfunction, and liver enzyme elevations due to its nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects. Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal medication used for severe fungal infections. Incorrect Choices: B: Fluconazole is less likely to cause significant abnormalities in lab results compared to Amphotericin B. C: Griseofulvin is not associated with the same degree of nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects as Amphotericin B. D: Flucytosine is not typically known for causing electrolyte imbalances or liver/kidney dysfunction like Amphotericin B.