Which of the following medical conditions or injuries is most likely to cause problems with both the internal and external processes of normal respiration?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Congestive heart failure is most likely to cause problems with both internal (heart's pumping ability) and external (lung function) processes of respiration. Step 1: In CHF, the heart struggles to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs (internal process). Step 2: The fluid in the lungs impairs gas exchange, affecting oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination (external process). Step 3: This dual impact on internal and external respiration distinguishes CHF from other choices (lung cancer, hypertension, emphysema).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the absolute volume of blood loss required to produce shock in children is typically lower than in adults due to their smaller size. A: Vital signs are age-related in children, so they may differ from those in adults. B: Children actually have limited physiologic reserves compared to adults, making them more vulnerable to shock. C: Tachycardia is a common response to hypovolemia in children, but it is not the only physiologic response. Therefore, D is false because children require less blood loss to develop shock compared to adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Log-rolling may be destabilizing to fractures from T12 to L1. This is true because log-rolling involves rotating a patient to prevent movement of the spine, but in thoracic spine injuries from T12 to L1, this maneuver can cause further damage and destabilize the fractures. Choice B is incorrect because a scoop stretcher does not provide sufficient immobilization for thoracic spine injuries. Choice C is incorrect as spinal cord injury below T10 can still affect bowel and bladder function due to the autonomic nervous system involvement. Choice D is incorrect because hyperflexion fractures in the upper thoracic spine are typically stable, not inherently unstable.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because DPL (Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage) is primarily used to detect intra-abdominal bleeding. Subcapsular hematoma of the spleen is a type of intra-abdominal bleeding that can be detected using DPL due to the accumulation of blood in the spleen. Liver laceration, bowel injury, and pancreatic injury may also lead to intra-abdominal bleeding, but they are not specific to the purpose of DPL, which is to detect bleeding. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it directly relates to the main objective of using DPL.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer, D: Argyll Robertson pupil, is not assessed when assessing for brain death because this reflex is associated with neurosyphilis and not with brainstem function. When assessing for brain death, the absence of pupillary reflexes is a key indicator, but the Argyll Robertson pupil is a specific type of pupillary abnormality that is not typically observed in brain death. A: "Dolls eyes" and B: Oculovestibular reflex are assessed in brain death determination by testing for eye movement in response to head movement and cold water caloric stimulation, respectively. C: Gag reflex is also assessed, as it is a cranial nerve reflex involving the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.