Which of the following medical conditions or injuries is most likely to cause problems with both the internal and external processes of normal respiration?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Congestive heart failure. This condition can cause problems with both internal (heart function affecting oxygenated blood supply) and external (air exchange in lungs) processes of respiration. The heart's inability to effectively pump blood can lead to fluid buildup in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Lung cancer (A) primarily affects the internal processes of respiration. Chronic hypertension (B) mainly impacts blood pressure regulation but not both internal and external respiration. Emphysema (D) primarily affects the external processes of respiration by damaging the lung tissue.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the absolute volume of blood loss required to produce shock in children is not the same as in adults. Children have a smaller blood volume compared to adults, so even a smaller amount of blood loss can lead to shock. This is due to their smaller size and lower total blood volume. A: Vital signs are age-related - True, children have different normal vital signs compared to adults. B: Children have greater physiologic reserves than do adults - True, children have more reserves to compensate for shock. C: Tachycardia is the primary physiologic response to hypovolemia - True, tachycardia is a common response to maintain perfusion in hypovolemic shock.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Log-rolling may be destabilizing to fractures from T12 to L1. Log-rolling involves moving a patient as a unit to prevent further spinal cord injury. In patients with thoracic spine injuries at T12 to L1, log-rolling can cause disruption or misalignment of the fractured vertebrae, leading to potential neurological damage or increased spinal instability. Therefore, avoiding log-rolling in these cases is crucial to prevent further harm. Choice B is incorrect because the scoop stretcher may not provide adequate immobilization for thoracic spine injuries due to its limitations in maintaining proper spinal alignment. Choice C is incorrect as spinal cord injuries below T10 can affect bowel and bladder function due to the involvement of the sacral segments. Choice D is incorrect because hyperflexion fractures in the upper thoracic spine are generally considered stable, not inherently unstable.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Subcapsular hematoma of the spleen" because DPL (Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage) is a diagnostic procedure used to assess for intra-abdominal injuries, particularly to organs like the liver, bowel, and pancreas. A subcapsular hematoma of the spleen is an injury specific to the spleen, which is not directly evaluated by DPL. The other choices (B: Liver laceration, C: Bowel injury, D: Pancreatic injury) are all potential injuries that can be detected by DPL due to their location within the abdominal cavity and the presence of free intra-abdominal fluid.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Argyll Robertson pupil, because it is a sign of neurosyphilis and not directly related to brain stem reflexes. "Dolls eyes" (A), oculovestibular reflex (B), and gag reflex (C) are all brain stem reflexes commonly assessed in evaluating brain death. "Dolls eyes" assesses the oculocephalic reflex, oculovestibular reflex evaluates the response to ice water irrigation in the ear, and gag reflex assesses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves' function.