ATI RN
Chapter 14 Nutrition and Fluid Balance Workbook Answers Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following mechanisms maintains blood pressure when blood volume is low?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ANP secretion. When blood volume is low, the body releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to help maintain blood pressure. ANP causes vasodilation, which decreases blood pressure and increases sodium and water excretion in the urine, ultimately helping to restore blood volume. Rationale: A: ANP secretion directly acts to decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. B: RAAS activation would actually increase blood pressure and retain sodium and water, opposing the goal of maintaining blood pressure when blood volume is low. C: Increased urination alone may not effectively restore blood volume, especially if it leads to further dehydration. D: Decreased ADH secretion would lead to increased urine output but may not be as effective as ANP in restoring blood volume and maintaining blood pressure.
Question 2 of 5
A patient is experiencing severe diarrhea and has developed metabolic acidosis. What is the most likely cause?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Loss of bicarbonate. Severe diarrhea leads to loss of bicarbonate-rich fluids, causing metabolic acidosis. Bicarbonate is a major buffer in the body, helping to maintain pH balance. Loss of potassium (A) is more likely to cause metabolic alkalosis. Retention of hydrogen ions (C) would cause metabolic acidosis but is not the primary issue in this scenario. Retention of bicarbonate (D) would actually help correct the acidosis, not cause it.
Question 3 of 5
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with lethargy and bone pain. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypercalcemia. In hyperparathyroidism, there is excess parathyroid hormone leading to increased calcium levels in the blood. This results in symptoms like lethargy and bone pain. Hypocalcemia (A) is incorrect as it is the opposite of what occurs in hyperparathyroidism. Hyperkalemia (C) and Hyponatremia (D) are less likely as they are not typically associated with hyperparathyroidism. Hypercalcemia is the most common electrolyte imbalance seen in hyperparathyroidism due to increased bone resorption and calcium release.
Question 4 of 5
The nurse assessing a patient with vomiting and diarrhea observes that the urine is scant and concentrated. Which controlling factor is responsible for compensatory reabsorption of water?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Antidiuretic hormone in the posterior pituitary. When the body detects dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea, it releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in blood osmolality, not directly related to compensatory reabsorption of water in this scenario. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus monitor blood pressure changes, not directly involved in compensatory reabsorption of water. Insulin from the pancreas controls blood glucose levels and is not related to water reabsorption in response to dehydration.
Question 5 of 5
While the nurse is washing the face of a patient in renal failure, the patient demonstrates a spasm of the lips and face. Which laboratory value corresponds with the nurse's assessment findings?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Calcium of 7.9 mg/dL. In renal failure, there is a disruption in calcium-phosphate balance leading to hypocalcemia. A low calcium level can cause muscle spasms, including facial muscles. Potassium (Choice A) imbalance typically presents with cardiac symptoms. Sodium (Choice C) imbalance may lead to neurological symptoms. Phosphorus (Choice D) imbalance is associated with bone and muscle weakness, not spasms.