Which of the following M-cholinoblocking agents is used especially as an anti-asthmatic?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ipratropium. Ipratropium is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that acts as a bronchodilator, making it effective for treating asthma by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways. Atropine (A) is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist used for bradycardia and other conditions. Platiphylline (C) is a xanthine derivative used for bronchospasm in COPD, not asthma. Metacin (D) is a cholinergic agonist used for treating glaucoma. Therefore, the most suitable choice for an anti-asthmatic agent among the options provided is Ipratropium.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three drug classes are commonly used in chronic heart failure management. Cardiac glycosides like digoxin improve heart function. Diuretics help manage fluid overload. ACE inhibitors like enalapril improve outcomes by reducing the workload on the heart. Each drug class targets different aspects of heart failure progression, making a combination of these medications beneficial in managing the condition effectively. Therefore, all the above choices are correct in the context of treating chronic heart failure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Dipyridamole blocks the reabsorption and breakdown of adenosine, leading to increased endogenous adenosine levels, which causes vasodilatation. Step 2: This vasodilatation results in increased blood flow to the myocardium, counteracting the hypoperfusion caused by stenotic coronary arteries. Step 3: Dipyridamole also inhibits platelet aggregation, which can be beneficial in preventing thrombosis. Step 4: Therefore, all three statements (A, B, and C) are true regarding Dipyridamole, making option D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vinpocetine. Vinca minor alkaloids are derived from the plant Vinca minor. Vinpocetine is a synthetic derivative of Vinca minor alkaloids used for its cerebral vasodilator properties. Nicergoline (A) is a different class of drug used for cognitive enhancement. Warfarin (B) is an anticoagulant. Cinnarizine (C) is a calcium channel blocker used for vertigo and motion sickness. Vinpocetine (D) is the correct answer due to its relation to Vinca minor alkaloids and its use as a cerebral vasodilator.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Insulin does not affect glucose absorption from the gut. This is because glucose absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine and is not directly influenced by insulin. Insulin primarily works by promoting glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, reducing glycogen breakdown, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver. Therefore, decreased glucose absorption from the gut is not a mechanism through which insulin reduces blood sugar levels.