Which of the following local anesthetics is called a universal anesthetic?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardiovascular collapse. Universal anesthetic refers to a local anesthetic that can potentially affect all systems, including the cardiovascular system, leading to cardiovascular collapse. This answer is correct as it aligns with the term "universal anesthetic." Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not specifically relate to the concept of a universal anesthetic. Seizures and respiratory failure are not exclusive to a universal anesthetic, and D, "All of the above," is incorrect as it includes options that are not directly related to the term "universal anesthetic."

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Succinylcholine. Succinylcholine can increase intraocular pressure, which is dangerous for patients with glaucoma. This is due to its depolarizing mechanism of action, causing muscle fasciculations and potential pressure build-up in the eye. A: Tubocurarine is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent and not contraindicated in glaucoma. C: Pancuronium is a nondepolarizing agent and does not have a significant effect on intraocular pressure. D: Gallamine is a nondepolarizing agent and is not contraindicated in glaucoma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Ephedrine is preferable for chronic orthostatic hypotension because it acts as a sympathomimetic by increasing both norepinephrine and epinephrine release, thus improving blood pressure regulation over time. Epinephrine (A) has a short duration of action and may lead to tachycardia. Norepinephrine (B) primarily acts on alpha receptors, which may cause vasoconstriction and worsen orthostatic hypotension. Salmeterol (D) is a long-acting beta-2 agonist used in asthma, not suitable for orthostatic hypotension.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sotalol. Sotalol is a nonselective beta-blocker with no intrinsic sympathomimetic or local anesthetic activity, making it suitable for treating life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Propranolol (A) is also a nonselective beta-blocker but has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Oxprenolol (B) is nonselective but has partial agonist activity. Atenolol (D) is a selective beta-1 blocker and not suitable for ventricular arrhythmias.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Zaleplon. Zaleplon is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent that acts primarily on the GABA receptors to induce sleep without significant muscle relaxing or anticonvulsant effects. Flurazepam (A) and Triazolam (B) are benzodiazepines that have muscle relaxing and anticonvulsant properties, making them less ideal for pure hypnotic effects. "None of the above" (D) is incorrect as Zaleplon fits the criteria specified in the question.