Which of the following is used to treat migraine headaches?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Beta blockers are commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. These medications work by blocking the action of certain chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate. By helping to prevent blood vessel dilation and constriction, beta blockers can help reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Additionally, beta blockers are thought to interfere with the transmission of pain signals in the brain.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nitroglycerine is commonly used as a therapeutic agent for the relief or prevention of anginal attacks in patients with stable angina or chronic angina pectoris. Angina is a condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. Nitroglycerine works by dilating blood vessels, which helps to increase blood flow to the heart and reduce the workload of the heart, thereby relieving chest pain associated with angina.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Half-life is the period of time required for the concentration of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%. It is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that helps determine dosing intervals and drug accumulation or clearance. Understanding a drug's half-life is crucial in optimizing dosing regimens and achieving desired therapeutic outcomes. Efficacy refers to the maximum therapeutic effect that a drug can produce. Steady-state concentration is the consistent level of drug concentration achieved after repeated doses. Clearance is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Styptics are hemostatic agents that work by causing local vasoconstriction, which helps reduce bleeding. This vasoconstriction is achieved through their astringent properties, which constrict blood vessels and promote blood clotting at the site of application. Sympathomimetics, while also working to constrict blood vessels, do so systemically and are not specifically used for local hemostasis. Mechanical agents, such as pressure or sutures, physically help to stop bleeding but do not induce vasoconstriction. Thrombin is an enzyme involved in the clotting cascade but does not directly cause vasoconstriction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glyceryl trinitrate, also known as nitroglycerin, is a medication commonly used for the management of angina (chest pain). When administered sublingually (under the tongue), glyceryl trinitrate is rapidly absorbed through the highly vascular sublingual mucosa, leading to a quick onset of action. The sublingual route allows for the drug to enter the bloodstream directly without being metabolized by the liver first, resulting in faster relief of angina symptoms. This makes sublingual administration the most effective route for managing acute episodes of angina. Other routes of administration, such as oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, or intramuscular, would not provide the same rapid and reliable relief for angina.