Which of the following is true regarding spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a serious infection that occurs in patients with ascites, most commonly associated with cirrhosis. The correct answer is D) Glucose less than 30 mg/dl. In SBP, the ascitic fluid typically has a low glucose level due to consumption by bacteria. This finding is a key diagnostic criterion for SBP. Option A) Total protein more than 1 gm is incorrect because in SBP, the total protein level is usually low, not high. Option B) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes less than 100 cells/mm3 is incorrect because SBP is characterized by a high number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the ascitic fluid (>250 cells/mm3). Option C) Culture result polymicrobial is incorrect because SBP is usually caused by a single organism, most commonly E. coli or Klebsiella. Educationally, understanding the diagnostic criteria for SBP is crucial for healthcare providers caring for patients with liver disease. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of SBP early on can lead to prompt treatment, reducing morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable patient population. Nurses and other healthcare professionals must be able to interpret ascitic fluid analysis results accurately to provide appropriate care for these patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Being well between pain episodes. This is considered a feature suggesting functional abdominal pain in children and adolescents because functional abdominal pain is characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain that are not associated with any organic cause. Children with functional abdominal pain typically appear well and have periods of time when they are completely symptom-free between episodes of pain. Option B) Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and is not typically associated with functional abdominal pain in children and adolescents. Option C) Nocturnal diarrhea, or diarrhea that occurs specifically at night, is not a common characteristic of functional abdominal pain. Option D) Persistent vomiting is also not a typical feature of functional abdominal pain. In an educational context, understanding the features of functional abdominal pain in children and adolescents is important for healthcare providers to accurately diagnose and manage this common condition. Recognizing that children with functional abdominal pain often appear well between episodes of pain can help differentiate it from other more serious conditions that may present with constant symptoms or abnormal physical findings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, the 'look, listen, feel' approach is a fundamental skill used to assess a child's breathing. This technique involves observing the rise and fall of the chest (look), listening for breath sounds (listen), and feeling for air movement (feel). Option A (Circulation) is incorrect because assessing circulation involves checking for a pulse, skin color, and capillary refill time, which are not part of the 'look, listen, feel' technique. Option C (Airway patency) is incorrect because while airway patency is crucial for effective breathing, it is assessed by checking for signs of airway obstruction, such as stridor or wheezing, and not solely through the 'look, listen, feel' method. Option D (Consciousness) is incorrect because assessing consciousness involves evaluating the child's level of alertness and responsiveness, which is a separate aspect of the pediatric assessment. Understanding the 'look, listen, feel' technique is essential for pediatric nurses as it allows for a systematic and comprehensive assessment of a child's breathing, which is vital for identifying respiratory distress or failure early on. By mastering this skill, nurses can promptly intervene and provide appropriate care to ensure optimal outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric patients, recognizing early signs of shock is crucial for timely intervention. The correct answer is B) Tachypnea, which refers to rapid breathing. In shock, the body tries to compensate by increasing respiratory rate to improve oxygen intake. This is an early sign seen before other vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate are affected. Option A) Hypotension, is a late sign of shock in pediatric patients. By the time blood pressure drops, the shock is usually advanced. Option C) Lethargy, and option D) Bradycardia, are also late signs of shock and indicate decompensation. Educationally, understanding the progression of shock signs in pediatric patients is essential for nurses and healthcare providers. Recognizing early signs like tachypnea can prompt quick assessment and treatment, potentially preventing the progression to severe shock. This knowledge can help improve patient outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, identifying early signs of shock is crucial for prompt intervention to prevent further deterioration. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Irritability. Irritability is an early sign of shock in children because it reflects the body’s physiological response to decreased tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Children in shock may exhibit irritability due to their body's attempt to compensate for the inadequate oxygen supply by increasing sympathetic tone, leading to restlessness and agitation. Option A) Cyanosis typically occurs in later stages of shock when oxygen saturation is significantly compromised, making it a late sign rather than an early one. Option C) Lethargy is also a late sign of shock, indicating severe tissue hypoxia. Option D) Irregular breathing may occur in shock but is not as specific or sensitive as irritability in the early stages. Educationally, understanding the early signs of shock in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide timely and appropriate care. Teaching about these subtle cues can help healthcare professionals recognize shock early, intervene promptly, and potentially improve outcomes for pediatric patients in critical condition.