Which of the following is true regarding epigenetic changes?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for correct answer A: Epigenetic changes are reversible because they involve modifications to gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle choices, making them reversible through interventions like diet, exercise, and medication. This reversibility allows for the potential to modify gene expression and potentially reverse negative health outcomes. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence itself but regulate gene expression. They do not change how the body reacts to the DNA sequence but rather how genes are turned on or off. C: Epigenetic changes have been linked to various mental health conditions, such as depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD, among others. Therefore, this statement is incorrect. D: Epigenetic changes can increase the risk for psychiatric diseases when combined with genetic predispositions, rather than decreasing the risk. Thus, this statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A (Benzodiazepines) Rationale: 1. Benzodiazepines work on GABA receptors, not serotonin receptors. 2. MOAIs inhibit serotonin breakdown. 3. SSRIs block serotonin reuptake. 4. Tricyclic antidepressants increase serotonin levels. Summary: Benzodiazepines do not directly affect serotonin like the other medication classes. MOAIs, SSRIs, and tricyclic antidepressants all modulate serotonin levels in the brain.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: EPS stands for Extrapyramidal Symptoms, which are side effects commonly associated with antipsychotic medications. Step 2: Tardive dyskinesia is a type of EPS characterized by abnormal, repetitive facial and tongue movements. Step 3: Teaching about tardive dyskinesia is important because it is a serious, potentially irreversible side effect. Step 4: Teaching patients to recognize signs of tardive dyskinesia helps in early detection and management. Step 5: Choices A, C, and D describe other types of EPS symptoms, not tardive dyskinesia, making them incorrect. Step 6: Therefore, the correct teaching about EPS related to tardive dyskinesia aligns with choice B.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, as playacting as a police officer and causing fear in other children could be a potential symptom of traumatization. This behavior may stem from experiencing or witnessing traumatic events, leading the child to reenact them to make sense of their feelings and gain a sense of control. The child may be processing feelings of powerlessness or fear related to trauma through this play. A: The need to dominate others - While the behavior may involve exerting control, it is more likely a coping mechanism for trauma rather than a desire to dominate. B: Inventing traumatic events - There is no indication that the child is inventing traumatic events; rather, the behavior suggests a response to real trauma. C: A need to develop close relationships - The behavior is not indicative of seeking close relationships but rather a way of expressing distress and trying to make sense of traumatic experiences.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Administering anti-anxiety medication as prescribed. This option is the most appropriate because severe anxiety may require pharmacological intervention to quickly alleviate symptoms and provide relief. Anti-anxiety medication can help regulate neurotransmitters and reduce overwhelming anxiety. Choice A is incorrect as immediate confrontation of fears may exacerbate anxiety symptoms. Choice C is incorrect as simply telling a patient to calm down may not effectively address severe anxiety. Choice D is incorrect as distraction through conversation and humor may not be sufficient for severe anxiety and may not address the underlying issue. In summary, pharmacological intervention is the most effective and immediate approach for managing severe anxiety.