Which of the following is TRUE of the kidney?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proteinuria indicates filtration membrane damage not false claims: ~99% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed (not 50%), most nephrons are cortical (not medullary), and efferent arterioles are narrower (not wider) than afferent for pressure. This identifies a key diagnostic sign, critical for renal health assessment, contrasting with physiological errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vesicourethral canal forms most of the bladder not whole (trigone from mesonephric ducts), prostatic urethra (partly sinus), female urethra (sinus), or all; 'most' fits. This specifies bladder origin, critical for development, contrasting with full scope.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excretion removes metabolic waste e.g., urea, COâ‚‚ from cellular processes (kidneys, lungs). Undigested food waste is defecation not excretion in this context. Used hormones are degraded not primarily excreted whole. Pathogens are fought by immunity not routinely excreted. Metabolic waste's removal distinguishes it, critical for homeostasis, unlike fecal, hormonal, or immune processes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Aldosterone stimulates Na and water reabsorption e.g., collecting duct ENaC channels, raising BP. H excretion is intercalated cells not aldosterone's focus. Water excretion opposes diuresis not retention. Na /Ca² misaligns Ca² separate. Na /water retention distinguishes it, critical for volume control, unlike excretion or ion errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lobule isn't a kidney region medulla, cortex, pelvis are (e.g., anatomical divisions). Medulla has pyramids inner. Cortex has nephrons outer. Pelvis collects urine central. Lobule is liver/brain term distinguishing it, critical for renal anatomy, unlike true regions.