Which of the following is true of stress?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Stress contributto the onset of both physical and psychological disorders . Stress triggers cortisol release, linked to disorders like hypertension and depression, per psychoneuroendocrinology. Choice A is false; stress originated in physics (Selye adapted it). Choice B is incomplete; cortisol and norepinephrine, not just glutamate, drive stress responses. Choice C is wrong; stress includbiological and environmental factors, not just social. is false; neuro-hormon(e.g., adrenaline) activate fight-or-flight, not prevent it. Ds truth is evident in stress-related illness(e.g., ulcers, anxiety), unlike the narrow or reversed claims of A-C, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Objective personality tests assess conscious personality aspects . Tests like MMPI measure self-reported, conscious traits (e.g., extraversion), unlike projective tests. Choice B is false; Rogers focused on self-concept, not Freuds ego/superego. Choice C is incorrect; trait theory (e.g., Big Five) describtraits, not neurodevelopment specifically. Choice D is wrong; Freud used psychoanalysis (unconscious drives), not self-actualization (Maslow). is partially true but vague personality stabilizin adulthood. As truth objective tests focus on accessible traits contrasts with theoretical errors in B-D and ambiguity, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Blood sugar level affects appetite and food intake . Low glucose triggers hunger via the lateral hypothalamus, while high levels signal satiety, per glucostatic theory. Choice A is false; cold increasintake. Choice B is wrong; insulin increashunger by lowering glucose. Choice D is incorrect; multiple systems (e.g., gut, brain) regulate intake. is false; the lateral hypothalamus drivhunger, not satiety. Cs truth glucosrole in appetite is foundational, unlike the reversed or narrow claims of A, B, D, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Exercise is more important for weight loss in overweight individuals . Exercise burns caloriand boosts metabolism, critical for overweight people, per obesity guidelines. Choice B is false; behavior therapy (e.g., CBT) aids weight control. Choice C is incorrect; metabolic rate decreasin deprivation to conserve energy. Choice D is wrong; basal metabolism is ~60-70% of expenditure, not one-third. is false; psychology (e.g., motivation) is key. As truth exercisoutsized role in calorie deficit contrasts with the errors of B-E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Reversible unconsciousness . Sleep is a reversible, unconscious state with reduced responsiveness, per sleep science definitions. Choice A is false; permanence defincoma, not sleep. Choice C is incorrect; reflexdecrease in sleep (e.g., REM atonia). Choice D is wrong; sleep isnt conscious. is false; muscle activity drops, especially in REM. Bs truth reversibility distinguishsleep from coma or death, as seen in daily cyclmakes itthe correct answer over the mischaracterizations of A, C, D, E.