Which of the following is true about the vomiting reflex:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: It receivinput from stretch receptors in the stomach wall . The vomiting reflex is involuntary (A is false), triggered by medullary signals, not cortical control, unlike swallowings voluntary start. The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata (not hypothalamus, making B wrong), near the area postrema. Choice C is false; cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear) is involved, relaying vestibular input (e.g., motion sickness). Choice D is true; stretch receptors in the stomach wall signal via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10) to the vomiting center, as in overdistension-induced vomiting. This medullary integration is evident in emetic responsto gastric irritation, supporting Ds accuracy. Thus, D is the true statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Empty stomach activatventromedial hypothalamus . An empty stomach activatthe lateral hypothalamus (hunger center), not the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), which signals satiety when full. Choice A is true; cold weather stimulatthe lateral hypothalamus for thermogenic eating. Choice C is correct; low blood sugar drivappetite via hypothalamic glucoreceptors. Choice D is accurate; insulin drops glucose, increasing hunger. is true; exercise burns calories, supporting weight loss. Bs error revershypothalamic rolVMH activation occurs with fullness, not emptiness, as seen in lesion studiwhere VMH damage causovereating. Thus, B is the wrong statement, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Anxiety in the patient during the consultation , which donot improve compliance. Anxiety impairs understanding and trust, reducing adherence, per psychological studies. Choice A is true; mutual trust fosters cooperation, enhancing compliance (e.g., shared decision-making). Choice B is correct; doctor confidence reassurpatients, boosting adherence. Choice D is accurate; fewer medications simplify regimens, improving compliance, per clinical guidelines. is true; long half-life drugs reduce dosing frequency, aiding adherence. Cs negative effect e.g., anxious patients forgetting instructions contrasts with the positive impacts of A, B, D, E, making it the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: They do not distort reality , which is false. Defense mechanisms (e.g., denial, projection) often distort reality to reduce anxiety, per Freudian theory. Choice A is true; they operate unconsciously (e.g., repressing trauma). Choice B is correct; they protect the ego from distress. Choice C is accurate; stress triggers them (e.g., rationalizing failure). is true; overuse (e.g., chronic denial) can heighten anxiety when reality intrudes. Ds falsehood distortion is their hallmark, as in projection attributing faults to others contrasts with the protective, unconscious truths of A-C, E, making it the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Recklessness , which is not a Big Five trait. The Big Five are Openness , Conscientiousness, Extraversion , Agreeableness , and Neuroticism (opposite of emotional stability, D). Recklessness might relate to low conscientiousness but isnt a core dimension. Choice A (extraversion) reflects sociability; B (agreeableness) cooperation; D (emotional stability) calm; E (openness) creativity. Cs exclusion lacking status in the OCEAN model, per Costa & McCrae contrasts with the validated traits A, B, D, E, making it the correct answer.