Which of the following is the proper sequence of structures in the nephron?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nephron sequence: glomerulus → PCT → loop → DCT, not other orders. This orders filtrate flow, key for processing, contrasting with missequences.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypophosphatemia isn't common in ESRF hyperphosphatemia prevails (e.g., reduced excretion), incorrect. Metastatic calcification arises from high phosphate frequent. Neuropathy from uremia typical. Hyperparathyroidism (secondary) counters hypocalcemia standard. Low phosphate distinguishes the error, critical for ESRF's metabolic profile (anemia, bone disease, hyperphosphatemia), unlike expected complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nitrates aren't limited to coagulase-splitting bacteria any nitrate-reducers (e.g., E. coli) produce them, incorrect. Hematuria dipstick detects myoglobin/hemoglobin true cross-reactivity. Pyuria is near-universal diagnostic staple. Gram-positive/Pseudomonas lack nitrate reduction correct. Broad nitrate source distinguishes the error, key to dipstick interpretation, unlike true reactivity or bacterial traits.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ~90% of kidney stones cause microscopic hematuria abrasion of urothelium (e.g., oxalate stones), near-universal. 100% overstates rare exceptions exist. 20-70% underestimate too low. 90% (adjusted to D) distinguishes it, critical for diagnostic expectation, unlike absolute or lower estimates.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ischemic ATN is the most common renal ARF cause hypoperfusion (e.g., shock) damages tubules, outpacing nephrotoxic ATN (drugs), tubulointerstitial nephritis (allergic), and renal artery stenosis (vascular). Ischemia's frequency distinguishes it, critical for hospital-acquired ARF, unlike toxin, immune, or arterial causes.