Which of the following is the MOST appropriate treatment for a patient with chronic renal failure and a clotted hemodialysis shunt?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Vascular surgeon consult is most appropriate for a clotted dialysis shunt thrombectomy/revision restores access, standard. Heparin irrigation risks embolization unsafe. Angiogram diagnoses not treatment. Systemic urokinase is outdated local preferred if thrombolysis needed. Surgical expertise distinguishes it, key to shunt salvage, unlike irrigation or systemic options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Schistosomiasis morbidity stems from eggs causing inflammation/fibrosis, not worms, miracidia (free-living), or 'schistooulium' (typo). This identifies pathogenic stage, key for complications, contrasting with adult worm effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ureter has transitional epithelium, two muscle layers above, three below, and a stellate lumen not a serosa (retroperitoneal). This corrects ureter anatomy, key for histology, contrasting with peritoneal structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Praziquantel disrupts schistosome membranes via Ca2+ influx not Mg2+, Na+, or K+. This specifies antiparasitic action, key for schistosomiasis treatment, contrasting with other ions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Triamterene (K+-sparing) can reduce free water clearance, causing antidiuresis not loop (bumetanide), thiazide (chlorthalidone), or osmotic (urea). This distinguishes paradoxical effect, key for electrolyte therapy, contrasting with typical diuresis.