Which of the following is the most accepted diagnostic criteria of asthma?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most accepted diagnostic criteria for asthma is option C: recurrent cough or wheeze that responds to bronchodilator therapy. This is because asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, which means that symptoms like coughing and wheezing improve with bronchodilator medications. This response to bronchodilators is a key feature in diagnosing asthma. Option A is incorrect because merely testing positive for allergens on skin prick testing is not specific to asthma diagnosis. Option B is incorrect because a family history of asthma, while a risk factor, is not a definitive diagnostic criterion. Option D is incorrect because while passive smoking can exacerbate asthma symptoms, it is not a standalone diagnostic criterion. In an educational context, understanding the correct diagnostic criteria for asthma is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. Identifying asthma early and accurately is essential for providing timely and effective treatment to improve the quality of life for children with asthma. This question highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical features that differentiate asthma from other respiratory conditions in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct dose of adrenaline IV for cardiac arrest is option A) 10 microgram/kg. This dose is appropriate because adrenaline is a potent vasoconstrictor that helps improve blood flow to vital organs during cardiac arrest. Administering the correct dose is crucial for achieving the desired physiological response without causing harm. Option B) 10 milligram/kg is incorrect because administering such a high dose of adrenaline can lead to severe side effects like hypertension, arrhythmias, and decreased blood flow to vital organs. Option C) 100 milligram/kg is also incorrect as it is an extremely high dose that can be fatal due to the risk of causing severe cardiovascular complications. Option D) 1000 microgram/kg is incorrect because it is an excessively high dose that can result in dangerous adverse effects such as cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and tissue necrosis. In the context of pediatric nursing and the NCLEX exam, understanding the correct dosage of medications is essential for ensuring safe and effective patient care. It is crucial for pediatric nurses to have a solid grasp of medication dosages to prevent medication errors and adverse reactions in pediatric patients. Mastering drug calculations and dosages is a fundamental skill that pediatric nurses must possess to provide high-quality care to their young patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of a pediatric NCLEX practice quiz, the correct answer is C) Infection with atypical mycobacteria. A false positive tuberculin test can occur in individuals who have been exposed to non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium kansasii. These atypical mycobacteria can cross-react with the tuberculin protein, leading to a positive result even though the person does not have active tuberculosis. Option A) Disseminated infection would likely result in a true positive tuberculin test, as the individual's immune system would be reacting to the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis throughout the body. Option B) Live viral vaccine, such as the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, can cause a false positive tuberculin test due to its similarity to the tuberculin protein. However, the question specifically asks about atypical mycobacteria, not the BCG vaccine. Option D) Active infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis would also result in a true positive tuberculin test, as the immune response would be triggered by the presence of the actual tuberculosis bacteria. Understanding the reasons behind false positive results in tuberculin testing is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients, as it can impact the interpretation of test results and subsequent treatment decisions. By differentiating between various causes of false positives, nurses and other healthcare providers can ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of pediatric patients at risk for tuberculosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) d-Transposition of great arteries. In newborns, d-Transposition of the great arteries is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease. This condition occurs when the aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle, leading to a mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Option A) Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect but is not the most common in newborns. It consists of four components: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Option B) Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by malformed tricuspid valve, leading to displacement of the valve into the right ventricle. Option D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe congenital heart defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body. Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of congenital heart diseases in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients. It is essential for nurses preparing for the NCLEX to have a solid foundation in pediatric cardiac conditions to provide safe and effective care to pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In newborns, severe coarctation of the aorta is associated with heart failure due to the narrowing of the aorta, leading to increased pressure in the left ventricle and decreased blood flow to the body. This results in heart failure symptoms such as poor feeding, tachypnea, and weak pulses. Large VSD and large ASD can cause increased pulmonary blood flow but do not typically present with heart failure in the newborn period. In the case of severe Tetralogy of Fallot, cyanosis is more prominent than heart failure symptoms in the immediate newborn period. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of congenital heart diseases is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of heart failure in newborns is essential for early intervention and optimal outcomes. This question reinforces the importance of differentiating between various congenital heart diseases and their associated clinical presentations.