Which of the following is the correct sequence in which urine flows through the kidney toward the urinary bladder?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urine flows: papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter, not other sequences. This orders urine path, key for drainage, contrasting with misordered flows.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rhabdomyolysis with hyperkalemia risks hypercalcemia muscle breakdown releases calcium, making IV calcium unwise (e.g., worsens arrhythmias). Nephrotoxic ATN (e.g., drugs) and ischemic ATN (e.g., shock) need calcium to stabilize membranes safe. Glomerulonephritis rarely alters calcium calcium helps. Rhabdomyolysis's calcium surge distinguishes it, key to avoiding iatrogenic harm, unlike ATN or glomerular scenarios where calcium corrects potassium effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nitrofurantoin 50 mg QID for 5 days isn't standard dose is low (typically 100 mg), and 3-day courses suffice for uncomplicated UTI, not recommended. Trimethoprim 300 mg daily, Augmentin duo BD, and cephalexin 500 mg BD for 5 days align effective options. Nitrofurantoin's dosing/duration distinguishes it, key to guideline adherence, unlike appropriate regimens.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Non-pregnant women with normal tracts don't need asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment no progression risk (e.g., unlike pyelonephritis). Pregnant women require it fetal/renal risk. Young children need clearance developmental impact. Men under 60 suggest obstruction treat underlying. Non-pregnant women's low risk distinguishes it, key to avoiding overtreatment, unlike high-risk groups.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Grade 4 renal injury includes deep laceration to the collecting system urine leak (e.g., pelvis breach), per AAST scale. Grade 1 is contusion superficial. Grade 2 is <1 cm laceration no collecting system. Grade 3 is >1 cm parenchyma only. Grade 4's depth distinguishes it, critical for trauma staging, unlike lesser grades.