Which of the following is the correct order of structures that transport urine from the collecting ducts to the urethra?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of structures that transport urine is from the collecting ducts to the urethra is A: Collecting ducts, Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra. This is the correct order because urine is first collected in the collecting ducts in the nephrons, then flows into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and finally, the urethra for elimination. The other choices are incorrect because they either reverse the order of the structures or place them in a different sequence than the actual physiological process of urine transport in the urinary system.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proximal convoluted tubule. Glucose reabsorption primarily occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to the presence of specialized glucose transporters. Step-by-step rationale: 1. Glucose is filtered in the glomerulus and enters the renal tubules. 2. In the proximal convoluted tubule, glucose is reabsorbed through sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT) and facilitated diffusion via glucose transporters (GLUT). 3. The loop of Henle is primarily responsible for water and electrolyte reabsorption, not glucose. 4. The collecting duct mainly concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and electrolytes, not glucose. 5. The distal convoluted tubule is involved in fine-tuning electrolyte balance and regulating acid-base balance, not glucose reabsorption.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Prostatic hypertrophy causes an enlarged prostate gland. 2. Enlarged prostate can lead to symptoms like straining, loss of force, and sense of residual urine. 3. These symptoms are due to obstruction of the urethra by the enlarged prostate. 4. Polyuria, urgency, dysuria, oliguria, and foul-smelling urine are not typical symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy. Summary: Choice C is correct because it directly relates to the obstructive symptoms caused by prostatic hypertrophy. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the typical symptoms of this condition and are therefore incorrect.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ampicillin. It is considered safe to use in newborn babies due to its efficacy against common bacterial infections in this age group. Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is often prescribed for neonatal sepsis and meningitis. It is also well-tolerated and has minimal side effects in newborns. A: Chloramphenicol is not recommended in newborns due to the risk of gray baby syndrome. B: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole can cause kernicterus and other adverse effects in newborns. C: Tetracyclines can lead to tooth discoloration and inhibit bone growth in newborns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin known for broad-spectrum coverage. 2. It has excellent activity against gram-negative anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis. 3. It is also one of the cephalosporins that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. 4. The other choices do not have the same anaerobic coverage or BBB penetration. Summary: - B: Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephalosporin with anaerobic coverage but does not cross the BBB. - C: Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin with limited anaerobic activity and no BBB penetration. - D: Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin with no anaerobic activity or BBB penetration.