Which of the following is the antidote for Heparin?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is the antidote for Heparin. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood. In cases of Heparin overdose or when there is a need to reverse its anticoagulant effects quickly, protamine sulfate can be administered. Protamine sulfate binds to Heparin and neutralizes its anticoagulant effects, making it an effective antidote. It is important to administer the antidote under the guidance of a healthcare professional to prevent any adverse reactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Valproate, commonly known as sodium valproate or valproic acid, is a medication primarily used to treat seizures, including epilepsy. It is an antiepileptic drug that works by increasing the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to calm excessive electrical activity that can lead to seizures. Valproate is considered a first-line treatment for various types of seizures, especially absence seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is not used for replacing hormones, maintaining blood glucose levels, or lowering blood pressure.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is commonly used as an antidote for heparin overdose. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication given to prevent blood clots, but in cases of excessive bleeding or overdose, protamine sulfate can be administered to counteract its effects. Therefore, it is important to be aware that protamine sulfate can negate the therapeutic effect of heparin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is a medication that can antagonize the anticoagulant effects of heparin. Heparin works by binding to antithrombin III to enhance its activity, which leads to the inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin. Protamine sulfate, a positively charged molecule, binds to heparin to form a stable complex, neutralizing the anticoagulant effects of heparin. This makes protamine sulfate a useful antidote for heparin overdose or in situations where rapid reversal of heparin is necessary to reduce the risk of bleeding complications. The other options listed - acetylcysteine, naloxone, warfarin sodium, and phenindione - do not have a direct antagonistic effect on the anticoagulant effects of heparin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When a drug is administered by continuous intravenous infusion, it will take approximately 4-5 half-lives for it to reach 90% of its final steady-state level. In this case, the drug has a half-life of 12 hours, so it will take 4 half-lives (12 hours x 4 = 48 hours) for the drug to reach 90% of its final steady-state level. Therefore, the drug will reach 90% of its final steady-state level after 48 hours of continuous infusion.