Which of the following is the antidote for Heparin?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is the antidote for Heparin. Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clotting. Protamine sulfate works by binding to heparin, neutralizing its anticoagulant effects. Vitamin K is not the antidote for Heparin; it is used to reverse the effects of warfarin, another type of anticoagulant. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of opioids, and Toradol is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for pain relief.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, it is crucial to understand the dosages and effects of different medications for safe and effective patient care. The correct answer is A) Over 1,000 mg for when Acetaminophen stops effectively controlling pain. Acetaminophen is known to have a ceiling effect, where increasing the dosage beyond a certain point does not provide additional pain relief but can instead lead to increased risk of adverse effects like liver damage. The therapeutic range for Acetaminophen is typically 325-1000 mg per dose, with a maximum daily dose of 4000 mg for adults. Option B) 750 mg is within the typical therapeutic range and is a common single dose for pain relief. Option C) Over 1,500 mg exceeds the recommended single dose and can increase the risk of toxicity. Option D) 150 mg is too low of a dose to effectively control pain in most adult patients. Understanding the dosing guidelines for Acetaminophen is essential for healthcare providers to prevent potential harm to patients. It is crucial to educate patients on proper dosing and the risks of exceeding recommended dosages to ensure safe and effective pain management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Spironolactone is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys while promoting the retention of potassium and hydrogen ions. This mechanism of action helps in reducing fluid retention without causing excessive loss of potassium, which is a common side effect of other diuretics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology education, understanding the potential adverse effects of medications is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care to their patients. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Weight Gain. Oral prednisone, a corticosteroid commonly used in chronic asthma, can lead to weight gain as an adverse effect due to its impact on metabolism and fluid retention. Corticosteroids like prednisone can cause redistribution of fat, increased appetite, and fluid retention, all contributing to weight gain. Option B) Nervousness is incorrect because corticosteroids like prednisone typically cause mood changes like irritability or anxiety rather than nervousness. Option C) Bradycardia is incorrect as prednisone is not known to slow heart rate but can actually increase heart rate as a side effect. Option D) Constipation is also incorrect as prednisone is more likely to cause gastrointestinal disturbances like increased appetite, weight gain, or even abdominal discomfort. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of recognizing common adverse effects of medications, promoting patient education on monitoring for these effects, and guiding nursing interventions to manage them effectively. Nurses play a vital role in patient education and monitoring for medication side effects to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, lithium is primarily used to stabilize mood, making option C the correct answer. Lithium is a mood-stabilizing medication commonly prescribed to treat bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of manic episodes, as well as decrease the risk of depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Option A, lowering blood glucose, is incorrect because lithium does not have a direct effect on blood glucose levels. Option B, slowing the heart rate, is also incorrect as lithium does not typically impact heart rate. Option D, healing ulcers, is incorrect as lithium is not used to treat ulcers. Understanding the primary indications for lithium is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. This knowledge ensures appropriate medication administration and optimal patient outcomes. It is essential for pharmacology students to grasp the specific uses of medications like lithium to provide safe and effective care to individuals with mental health conditions.