Which of the following is NOT true concerned with Leishmania

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because protection against Leishmania is mainly mediated by cell-mediated immune responses, not IgE antibodies. IgE is not typically involved in protection against intracellular parasites like Leishmania. A: Leishmania is indeed a unicellular parasite. B: Leishmania proliferates inside phagocytic cells, particularly macrophages. C: Leishmania is transmitted by sand flies during blood meals.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer is E, as it states that the question is asking for a statement that is NOT true regarding HPV. Choices A, B, C, and D are all true statements about HPV. A) Both women and men can be infected with HPV. B) HPV can indeed cause cervical cancer. C) The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine. D) HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome. Therefore, the only option left, E, is the correct answer as it contradicts the true statements provided in the other choices.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate allergic reactions that occur upon initial exposure to an allergen, not just after a second encounter. Step 2: Food allergies can lead to systemic anaphylaxis due to the rapid release of mediators like histamine. Step 3: TH2 lymphocytes play a crucial role in the development of type I hypersensitivity reactions by promoting IgE production. Step 4: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are not generally classified as genetic disorders since they result from an immune response to allergens, not a single gene defect.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because it states that human strains of Influenza extensively infect epithelial cells throughout the body, which is not true. Influenza primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory symptoms. Systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and muscle aches are more related to the body's immune response rather than widespread infection of epithelial cells throughout the body. This statement is incorrect as it misrepresents the pathogenesis of Influenza. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are all true statements supported by scientific evidence regarding Influenza transmission, asymptomatic spread, and viral entry mechanism, respectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because OPV induces mucosal immunity that blocks enteric infection and viral transmission. This is crucial in preventing the spread of poliovirus through the fecal-oral route. Choice A is incorrect because OPV primarily induces an IgA response in the mucosal surfaces, not IgG. Choice B is incorrect because while OPV is effective, it carries a risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus, making IPV the preferred choice in some situations. Therefore, Choice C is the most accurate as it highlights the unique ability of OPV to induce mucosal immunity, which is essential for preventing poliovirus transmission.