Which of the following is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: ADH. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones regulate anterior pituitary hormones. ADH is produced in the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary, not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone. ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin are all controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones such as CRH, GHRH, and PRH, respectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones involved in the body's response to stress or danger. These hormones help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because: A: The adrenal medulla is actually part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, not the "feed-and-breed" division. C: Steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. D: Cushing syndrome is caused by overactivity of the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) acts on the kidneys by increasing calcium reabsorption and increasing the excretion of phosphate in the urine. PTH stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more calcium to maintain normal blood calcium levels. It also enhances the excretion of phosphate in the urine, helping to lower blood phosphate levels. Option A is incorrect because PTH does not block sodium reabsorption or increase water excretion in the kidneys. Option C is incorrect as PTH does not decrease the reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. Option D is incorrect because PTH does not increase the excretion of H+ or bicarbonate.