Which of the following is not considered a loop diuretic?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chlorthiazide is a thiazide not loop diuretic (others are). This distinguishes diuretic class, critical for pharmacology, contrasting with loop agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Podocytes are in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule modified, branching epithelial cells forming filtration slits (e.g., pedicels) around capillaries. The proximal tubule has cuboidal cells reabsorption, not filtration. The distal tubule includes macula densa sensing, not epithelial. The collecting duct has principal/intercalated cells regulation, not filtration. Podocytes' location and structure distinguish them, key to glomerular filtration barrier, unlike tubular or regulatory cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prostaglandins D/I/E cause renal vasodilation increase RBF and GFR (e.g., counter sympathetic tone). Vasoconstriction (e.g., PGF) decreases GFR opposite. Sodium reabsorption is tubular not vascular. Capsular pressure isn't prostaglandin-linked. Vasodilation's GFR boost distinguishes it, key to maintaining filtration, unlike constriction or tubular effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bladder distension from increased intravesical pressure (filling) produces reflex contraction and sphincter relaxation micturition reflex (e.g., parasympathetic). Decreased pressure retains opposite. Osmolarity affects tubules not bladder. Low volume contracts sphincters delays voiding. Reflex response distinguishes it, key to micturition, unlike retention or tubular errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: 20% of plasma entering glomeruli is filtered filtration fraction (e.g., GFR/RPF ≈ 125/625 mL/min). 1% underestimates too small. 99% overstates all plasma isn't filtered. 15% is close standard is 20%. Filtration fraction distinguishes it, key to glomerular dynamics, unlike extreme or near values.