Which of the following is not associated with the role of the kidneys?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Kidneys release EPO, renin, and activate vitamin D not vitamin E (dietary). This corrects renal functions, critical for physiology, contrasting with nutritional roles.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule maintain acid-base balance secrete H (type A) or HCO₃⁻ (type B) to adjust pH (e.g., via H -ATPase). Principal cells manage water/Na ADH/aldosterone-driven, not pH. Podocytes filter in the glomerulus no tubular role. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin blood pressure-focused. Intercalated cells' pH regulation distinguishes them, key to distal acid-base correction, unlike water, filtration, or vascular cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Untreated -10 mmHg NFP leads to acute renal failure (ARF) no filtration (e.g., shock) causes acute injury, oliguria. Chronic kidney disease is progressive not acute. Diuresis needs filtration opposite here. Stable GFR requires positive NFP unfeasible. ARF's acute onset distinguishes it, key to hypoperfusion consequences, unlike chronic, diuretic, or stable outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ADH doesn't directly affect sodium reabsorption targets water via aquaporins (e.g., collecting duct). Increased GFR raises Na filtration reabsorption adjusts. Aldosterone boosts Na retention ENaC channels. Natriuretic hormone inhibits Na reabsorption e.g., ANP. ADH's water focus distinguishes it, key to osmolality, unlike GFR, hormonal Na regulators.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: High glomerular pressure stems from afferent arterioles' larger diameter than efferent resistance creates ~55 mmHg (e.g., filtration drive). Low oncotic pressure opposes incorrect. High capsular pressure (~15 mmHg) resists not causes. Thick basement membrane filters doesn't raise pressure. Arteriolar disparity distinguishes it, key to GFR, unlike opposing or structural factors.