Which of the following is NOT a superficial muscle of the back?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Superficial back muscles, like trapezius (shoulder elevation), latissimus dorsi (arm adduction), and rhomboid major/minor (scapula retraction), lie under skin, moving the shoulder girdle. Vastus lateralis, a quadriceps component, is on the anterior thigh, extending the knee, not the back. Rhomboid minor, replaced here, is superficial with major, but vastus lateralis' thigh location excludes it. Its leg-focused action contrasts with back muscles' upper body roles, distinguishing it in musculoskeletal grouping.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Extensor minimus longus is nonsensical no such muscle exists. Extensor digitorum extends fingers, gluteus minimus abducts the hip, and biceps femoris flexes the knee all real, anatomically named for action, location, or shape. 'Extensor' implies extension, 'minimus' small size, 'longus' length, but no muscle combines these as 'extensor minimus longus' it's likely a mix-up (e.g., extensor digitorum longus exists). This fabricated name lacks a corresponding structure, distinguishing it from valid, functional terms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Wrist flexors (e.g., flexor carpi radialis) originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, a bony prominence anchoring forearm flexors. Lateral epicondyle hosts extensors (e.g., extensor carpi). Carpals are distal, not origins. Deltoid tuberosity relates to deltoid, not wrist. Medial epicondyle's role distinguishes it, key for wrist flexion leverage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bacteria, particularly pathogenic ones, use secretion systems like type III to inject soluble proteins into host cells. These effector proteins manipulate host processes disrupting signaling, cytoskeletal structure, or immune responses to facilitate infection. Often part of virulence strategies in pathogens like Salmonella, they differ from receptors, which receive signals, and enzymes, which catalyze reactions, though some effectors have enzymatic activity. Antibodies are host-derived, not bacterial. Effector proteins' role in crossing host membranes and altering cellular function distinguishes them, reflecting their specialized purpose in bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Solubility of most solids in liquids rises with temperature because higher thermal energy enhances molecular motion, breaking solute-solute bonds and increasing solvent-solute interactions. For example, sugar dissolves better in hot water. Pressure affects gases more than solids, and decreasing temperature typically reduces solubility, as seen in crystallization. Lower pressure has minimal impact. This temperature-driven solubility increase, rooted in thermodynamics, applies broadly to ionic and polar solids, distinguishing it from gas solubility dynamics.