Which of the following is not a sulfonylurea but acts by analogous mechanism to bring about quick and brief insulin release that is useful for normalizing meal time glycaemic excursions in type 2 diabetes mellitus:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: Rosiglitazone is the correct answer as it is not a sulfonylurea but acts by a similar mechanism to enhance insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, unlike sulfonylureas that directly stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Glimepiride, Repaglinide, and Miglitol are sulfonylureas or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, which directly stimulate insulin release or delay carbohydrate absorption, respectively, making them unsuitable choices for the question.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids promote gluconeogenesis in the liver, increasing glucose production, and depress glucose uptake into skeletal muscles, leading to hyperglycemia. Choice A alone is correct as it contributes to elevated blood glucose levels. Choice B also plays a role by reducing glucose utilization in muscles. Choice C is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not directly inhibit insulin secretion. These mechanisms collectively contribute to impaired carbohydrate tolerance in individuals taking glucocorticoids.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Hydrocortisone is a natural glucocorticoid with significant mineralocorticoid activity. 2. It binds to both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. 3. This dual activity can lead to sodium retention and potassium excretion. 4. Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, and Betamethasone are synthetic glucocorticoids with minimal mineralocorticoid effects. Summary: - Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, and Betamethasone have negligible mineralocorticoid activity. - Hydrocortisone stands out due to its substantial mineralocorticoid effects alongside its glucocorticoid actions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Corticosteroid therapy is practically mandatory in renal transplant recipients to prevent organ rejection by suppressing the immune response. In renal transplant, the body identifies the new kidney as foreign and attacks it. Corticosteroids help modulate the immune system to prevent rejection. In septic shock, prompt antibiotics and supportive care are essential. In rheumatoid arthritis, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are preferred. In ulcerative colitis, corticosteroids may be used but are not mandatory.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Abrupt withdrawal may reactivate the underlying disease. When corticosteroids are used chronically, the body's natural production of cortisol is suppressed. Abruptly stopping corticosteroid therapy can lead to adrenal insufficiency and potentially reactivate the underlying disease due to the sudden drop in cortisol levels. Option A is incorrect because corticosteroids do not produce psychological dependence. Option C is incorrect as rebound hypertension is not a typical consequence of corticosteroid withdrawal. Option D is incorrect as only option B is directly related to the physiological consequences of abrupt corticosteroid withdrawal.