Which of the following is not a side effect of loop diuretics?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nausea. Loop diuretics like furosemide work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle in the kidneys. This mechanism can lead to electrolyte imbalances, such as potassium deficits (choice D), and volume depletion, resulting in hypotension (choice C). Loop diuretics can also cause metabolic alkalosis (choice A) due to loss of hydrogen ions. Nausea, however, is not a common side effect of loop diuretics. Therefore, choice B is not a side effect of loop diuretics, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Ethosuximide is the correct answer as it is a known trigger for Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to its association with hypersensitivity reactions. Step 2: Valproic acid can cause liver toxicity but is not typically linked to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Step 3: Quinidine is associated with drug-induced lupus but not commonly known to cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Step 4: Isoniazid is linked to drug-induced hepatitis but not typically associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In summary, Ethosuximide is the correct choice due to its well-documented association with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, while the other options are linked to different adverse effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Congestion. ACE Inhibitors like Captopril do not typically cause congestion as a side effect. The main reason is that ACE inhibitors work by dilating blood vessels, which helps reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow. Congestion is more commonly associated with conditions like allergies or upper respiratory infections. A: Rash - Possible side effect of ACE inhibitors, but not specific to Captopril. B: Angioedema - Rare but serious side effect of ACE inhibitors, including Captopril. C: Cough - Common side effect of ACE inhibitors due to increased bradykinin levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolones are known to be associated with tendon dysfunction due to their potential to cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. This adverse effect is thought to be related to the drug's ability to disrupt collagen synthesis and structure in tendons. Digitalis (A) is used to treat heart conditions, niacin (B) for cholesterol, and tetracycline (C) for bacterial infections, none of which are linked to tendon dysfunction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rheumatic fever. Methotrexate is not typically used to treat rheumatic fever as it is an autoimmune inflammatory condition, not typically responsive to Methotrexate. Methotrexate is commonly used to treat sarcomas, leukemias, and ectopic pregnancies due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation. Sarcomas and leukemias are types of cancers, while ectopic pregnancy is a condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension is not a side effect of Sympathoplegics (Clonidine). Sympathoplegics are medications that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, hypertension is not a common side effect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because difficulty breathing, dry oral cavity, and lethargic behavior are potential side effects of Sympathoplegics due to their central nervous system depressant effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: ACE inhibitor. Drugs ending in the suffix (-pril) typically refer to ACE inhibitors, which are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme. ACE inhibitors do not belong to the categories mentioned in the other choices. Choice A (H) is vague and does not provide any relevant information. Choice C (Antifungal) is incorrect as drugs ending in (-pril) are not typically used to treat fungal infections. Choice D (Beta agonist) is also incorrect as drugs ending in (-pril) do not belong to the class of beta agonists, which are used to treat conditions like asthma and COPD.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nausea. Loop diuretics like furosemide work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle in the kidneys. This mechanism can lead to electrolyte imbalances, such as potassium deficits (choice D), and volume depletion, resulting in hypotension (choice C). Loop diuretics can also cause metabolic alkalosis (choice A) due to loss of hydrogen ions. Nausea, however, is not a common side effect of loop diuretics. Therefore, choice B is not a side effect of loop diuretics, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Penicillamine. Penicillamine is a chelating agent that binds to copper and forms a complex that can be excreted from the body, making it an effective antidote for copper toxicity. Glucagon (A) is used for treating hypoglycemia, aminocaproic acid (B) is used to treat excessive bleeding, and atropine (C) is used to treat bradycardia and organophosphate poisoning, none of which are related to copper toxicity.