Which of the following is NOT a region of the kidney?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lobule isn't a kidney region medulla, cortex, pelvis are (e.g., anatomical divisions). Medulla has pyramids inner. Cortex has nephrons outer. Pelvis collects urine central. Lobule is liver/brain term distinguishing it, critical for renal anatomy, unlike true regions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Water reabsorption from Loop of Henle (descending) depends on NaCl movement out e.g., thick ascending pumps create gradient (~1200 mOsm). Acid is distal not Loop. Glucose is PCT not here. Uric acid is minor not gradient driver. NaCl's role distinguishes it, critical for countercurrent, unlike other solutes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The JGA monitors blood volume senses pressure via JG cells (e.g., renin adjusts). Medulla oblongata controls breathing not volume. Midbrain is motor unrelated. Hypothalamus senses osmolarity not volume directly. JGA's volume role distinguishes it, key to RAAS, unlike neural or osmotic structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pyelonephritis is kidney infection e.g., bacterial ascent (pelvis/nephrons). Cystitis is bladder not kidney. Urethritis is urethra lower. Hypertension is BP not infection. Pyelonephritis's site distinguishes it, key to renal pathology, unlike lower tract or unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alcohol is the key diuretic inhibiting ADH suppresses pituitary release (e.g., increases urine output). Water dilutes plasma stimulates ADH. Vitamin B₁₂ is metabolic not diuretic. Na influences reabsorption not ADH directly. Alcohol's ADH block distinguishes it, critical for diuresis, unlike dilution or unrelated factors.