Which of the following is not a pituitary hormone?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Testosterone, an androgen from testes, isn't a pituitary hormone LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates its production. Growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin are anterior pituitary secretions, regulating growth, reproduction, and lactation. Testosterone's gonadal origin distinguishes it, dependent on pituitary signals, unlike direct pituitary products, key to endocrine hierarchy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Type I diabetes features little/no insulin secretion due to beta-cell destruction, causing hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and dehydration without insulin therapy diet alone doesn't suffice. 'Dietary treatment may suffice' fits type II, not I. Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis are true but incomplete alone. 'All' includes the false diet claim. Insulin absence distinguishes type I, requiring exogenous insulin, key to its autoimmune pathology, unlike manageable or partial truths.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Kidneys regulate blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): low pressure prompts renin release, triggering angiotensin II formation, which stimulates adrenal aldosterone secretion, raising blood volume and pressure via sodium retention. Cortisol, ACTH-driven, isn't renin-responsive. ADH responds to osmolarity or low volume, not high urine output directly it conserves water. No relationship ignores RAAS's critical link. Aldosterone's renin-driven action distinguishes it, key to hypertension's renal basis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The rapid pupil dilation, heart rate increase, and breathing surge post-accident reflect the adrenal medulla's catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine), triggered by sympathetic nerve signals a neural stimulus. Humoral stimuli (e.g., blood ion changes) and hormonal stimuli (e.g., pituitary signals) are slower, and positive feedback (e.g., oxytocin in labor) amplifies responses. Neural activation's speed distinguishes it, critical for fight-or-flight responses in acute stress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises low blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium. It also enhances kidney calcium reabsorption and intestinal absorption (via vitamin D), not excretion or reduction. Osteoblasts build bone, reducing blood calcium. Osteoclast activation distinguishes PTH's role, critical for calcium homeostasis, contrasting with bone-forming processes.