Which of the following is NOT a gland in the endocrine system?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kidney gland. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The kidney is not a gland; it is an organ responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine. The adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland are all part of the endocrine system as they secrete hormones. In summary, the kidney does not secrete hormones and therefore is not considered a gland in the endocrine system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is option A) An obese 50-year-old Hispanic woman, whom the nurse should plan to teach how to prevent or delay the development of diabetes. This choice is correct because obesity is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. By educating this patient about healthy lifestyle choices such as proper nutrition, regular exercise, weight management, and monitoring blood sugar levels, the nurse can empower her to make positive changes to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. Option B) A child whose father has type 1 diabetes is incorrect because type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition not typically preventable by lifestyle changes. While the child may have a genetic predisposition to diabetes, the focus should be on managing the condition rather than preventing it. Option C) A 34-year-old woman whose parents both have type 2 diabetes is incorrect because while she has a genetic risk factor, it is not as immediate a risk factor as obesity. Lifestyle modifications can still be beneficial for her, but the priority for prevention should be on addressing modifiable risk factors like obesity. Option D) A 12-year-old boy whose father has maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is incorrect because MODY is a rare form of diabetes with a strong genetic component. Prevention strategies for this type of diabetes are different from those for type 2 diabetes and typically focus on monitoring and early intervention rather than prevention through lifestyle changes. In an educational context, it is essential for nurses to understand the risk factors for diabetes and tailor their teaching strategies to address modifiable factors that can help prevent or delay the onset of the disease. Providing patients with the knowledge and tools to make informed decisions about their health empowers them to take control and improve their outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In managing type 2 diabetes, nutrition therapy plays a crucial role in achieving optimal health outcomes. The correct answer, option B) Normal serum glucose and lipid levels, is the most appropriate goal for nutrition therapy in a patient with type 2 diabetes. Maintaining normal glucose levels helps in managing blood sugar levels effectively, which is essential to prevent complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, managing lipid levels is crucial as diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and controlling lipids helps reduce this risk. Option A) Ideal body weight is important for overall health, but it may not be the primary goal of nutrition therapy for a patient with type 2 diabetes. While weight management is important, controlling glucose and lipid levels are more directly related to managing the condition and reducing associated risks. Option C) A special diabetic diet using dietetic foods is not necessarily the goal of nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes. While dietary modifications are important, emphasizing a "special" diet may not be sustainable or evidence-based. Instead, a well-balanced, individualized approach focusing on overall dietary patterns is more beneficial. Option D) Five small meals per day with a bedtime snack is a specific dietary pattern that may work for some individuals with diabetes, but it is not a universal recommendation. The frequency and timing of meals should be individualized based on factors like medication regimen, lifestyle, and glucose control goals. In an educational context, it is important to emphasize evidence-based nutrition therapy goals for patients with type 2 diabetes. Educating patients on the importance of maintaining normal serum glucose and lipid levels through a balanced and personalized diet can empower them to take control of their health and effectively manage their condition. Encouraging a holistic approach to nutrition that considers individual preferences, cultural factors, and lifestyle habits can lead to sustainable changes and improved outcomes in diabetes management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the assessment of a patient with acromegaly, the nurse should expect the patient to report undesirable changes in appearance. Acromegaly is a condition caused by excessive growth hormone production, leading to abnormal growth of body tissues over time. This results in characteristic physical changes such as enlarged hands, feet, and facial features, which can be distressing for the patient. Option A, infertility, is not typically associated with acromegaly. Acromegaly primarily affects physical characteristics rather than reproductive functions. Option B, dry, irritated skin, is not a common symptom of acromegaly. Skin changes in acromegaly are more related to thickening and coarsening rather than dryness and irritation. Option D, an increase in height of 2 to 3 inches a year, is not a typical presentation of acromegaly. Once the growth plates in the bones have fused during puberty, further height increase due to acromegaly is not expected. It is important for nurses to understand the manifestations of endocrine disorders like acromegaly to provide holistic care to patients. Recognizing the physical changes associated with acromegaly allows nurses to support patients emotionally and facilitate appropriate referrals for further evaluation and management. By understanding the specific symptoms of acromegaly, nurses can contribute to early detection and effective management of this condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer to the question is option C) Atenolol (Tenormin). Atenolol is a beta-blocker commonly used in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis to block the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation caused by excess thyroid hormone levels. Option A) Potassium iodide is used in thyroid storm to block thyroid hormone release, not to block the effects of sympathetic nervous stimulation. Option B) Propylthiouracil (PTU) is an antithyroid medication that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones but does not directly address the sympathetic nervous system stimulation seen in thyrotoxicosis. Option D) Radioactive iodine (RAI) is used to destroy thyroid tissue in conditions like hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer; however, it does not directly block sympathetic nervous system effects. Educationally, understanding the appropriate medications for managing thyrotoxicosis is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in endocrinology and internal medicine. Knowing the specific mechanisms of action of each medication helps in making informed decisions regarding patient care and treatment plans. Atenolol's role as a beta-blocker in this context highlights the importance of addressing both the hormonal imbalance and the associated symptoms for comprehensive patient management.