Which of the following is not a feature of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Autonomic neuropathy in diabetes can manifest with various symptoms, such as retrograde ejaculation (A), gustatory sweating (B), and hypoglycemic unresponsiveness (D). Mononeuritis multiplex (C) is not typically associated with autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Mononeuritis multiplex is a condition characterized by damage to at least two separate nerve areas resulting in weakness, pain, and sensory loss. Autonomic neuropathy in diabetes tends to affect the autonomic nerves that control involuntary bodily functions, leading to symptoms such as gastrointestinal issues, cardiovascular abnormalities, and sexual dysfunction, but mononeuritis multiplex is not a common feature of this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Excess prolactin typically causes gynecomastia in men. Prolactin is a hormone primarily responsible for milk production in women. However, in men, elevated levels of prolactin can lead to various symptoms, with gynecomastia being one of the most common. Gynecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males, which can result in swelling and tenderness of the breasts. It is important to investigate the underlying cause of elevated prolactin levels as it could be due to various conditions such as pituitary tumors, certain medications, or thyroid disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of endocrinology and dwarfism, understanding the relationship between the upper and lower body segments is crucial. The correct answer in this question is D) Juvenile myxedema. Juvenile myxedema, also known as hypothyroidism, does not exhibit the characteristic upper segment being greater than the lower segment seen in other types of dwarfism. A) Pituitary dwarfism is characterized by proportional body segments but reduced overall size due to pituitary gland dysfunction. B) Cretinism, a form of congenital hypothyroidism, presents with short stature and disproportionate body segments with the upper segment exceeding the lower. C) Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder resulting in short limbs and a normal-sized torso, so the lower segment appears longer than the upper. Understanding these distinctions is vital in diagnosing and managing different types of dwarfism. This knowledge aids healthcare professionals in providing appropriate treatments and support for individuals with various endocrine disorders affecting growth and development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung is most commonly associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This paraneoplastic syndrome occurs in patients with small cell lung cancer due to the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the tumor cells. The excessive release of ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, causing symptoms such as nausea, confusion, seizures, and potentially life-threatening complications. Other types of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, are less commonly associated with SIADH.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Turner's syndrome, as tall stature is not characteristic of this condition. Turner's syndrome is a genetic disorder in females where one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. This results in short stature, webbed neck, and a lack of normal sexual development. A) Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by an additional X chromosome in males (XXY), which can lead to tall stature due to hormonal imbalances affecting growth. B) Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder of methionine metabolism, which can lead to tall stature along with other symptoms such as intellectual disability and lens dislocation in the eyes. C) Marfan's syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder that can cause tall stature, along with long limbs, fingers, and other physical features due to abnormalities in the fibrillin gene. It is important for students of pharmacology to understand the clinical manifestations of various endocrine disorders to make accurate diagnoses and provide appropriate treatment. Recognizing the characteristic features of each condition helps in differentiating between them and guiding clinical management.