Which of the following is included in Orem's theory?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Orem's theory, also known as the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, emphasizes individuals' ability to perform self-care to maintain health and well-being. One aspect of this theory is the maintenance of a sufficient intake of air, which is essential for sustaining life and overall health. This self-care component focuses on the individual's ability to meet their physiological needs, including the intake of air, to promote optimal functioning and health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Acute illnesses are characterized by the sudden onset of severe symptoms that typically last for a short duration. These conditions usually resolve within a defined period, unlike chronic illnesses that persist over a longer time frame. Pain and syndrome are not specific types of illnesses but rather symptoms or clinical manifestations that can occur in various health conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A nurse plays a crucial role in health promotion by educating clients to be effective health consumers. This involves empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health, access appropriate healthcare services, and engage in healthy behaviors to prevent illness and promote well-being.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: To determine how many liters are equal to 1800 milliliters (ml), it’s essential to understand the relationship between liters (L) and milliliters. The metric system is based on powers of 10, making conversions straightforward. One liter is defined as 1000 milliliters. Therefore, to convert milliliters to liters, you divide the volume in milliliters by 1000. Applying this to 1800 ml: \[ 1800 \, \text{ml} ÷ 1000 = 1.8 \, \text{L} \] This calculation confirms that 1800 ml is equivalent to 1.8 liters, making **A** the correct choice. **Why the other options are incorrect:** - **B: 18000** – This value is 10 times larger than 1800 ml and would require multiplying by 10 instead of dividing by 1000. It represents an incorrect application of the conversion factor, suggesting 18000 ml instead of the correct 1.8 L. - **C: 180** – This option incorrectly divides 1800 ml by 10 instead of 1000, resulting in an answer that is 100 times larger than the correct value (180 L instead of 1.8 L). It misinterprets the metric relationship between milliliters and liters. - **D: 2800** – This choice is unrelated to the conversion, as it neither matches the given quantity (1800 ml) nor follows the correct arithmetic steps. It appears to be a random number rather than a meaningful conversion result. The key to solving this problem lies in correctly applying the metric conversion factor (1000 ml = 1 L) and ensuring division—not multiplication—is used to reduce milliliters to liters. Missteps often occur when students confuse the direction of the conversion or miscalculate the power of 10, leading to answers like B, C, or D. Understanding the foundational relationship between these units ensures accurate conversions in similar problems.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct abbreviation for "drops" in medical and pharmaceutical contexts is "Gtt." This abbreviation originates from the Latin word "gutta," meaning "drop." Latin-derived abbreviations are historically prevalent in medicine, and "Gtt." adheres to this convention. It is universally recognized in prescriptions, medical documentation, and pharmacy practices, ensuring clarity and reducing the risk of misinterpretation. The singular form "Gtt." is standard, even when referring to multiple drops, as abbreviations in medical Latin often do not distinguish between singular and plural forms. "Gtts." (Choice B) is incorrect because, while it attempts to pluralize the abbreviation by adding an "s," this is unnecessary and nonstandard. Medical abbreviations derived from Latin typically retain their form regardless of number, and "Gtts." is redundant. Using this could lead to confusion or be perceived as an error in professional settings. "Dp." (Choice C) is incorrect because it does not align with any established medical or pharmaceutical abbreviation system. It appears to be an arbitrary shortening of the English word "drop," which lacks the historical and linguistic foundation of "Gtt." Abbreviations must be widely recognized to avoid errors in dosing or instructions, and "Dp." does not meet this criterion. "Dr." (Choice D) is incorrect because it is the standard abbreviation for "dram," a unit of measurement in the apothecary system, not for "drops." Using "Dr." to mean "drops" would create significant confusion, particularly in prescriptions where precise measurements are critical. The distinction between "drops" and "drams" is vital for patient safety, as these units represent vastly different quantities. The preference for "Gtt." over the other options is grounded in its historical accuracy, professional standardization, and clarity in communication. Medical abbreviations must minimize ambiguity, and "Gtt." achieves this by being concise, internationally recognized, and rooted in the linguistic traditions of the field. The other choices either introduce unnecessary complexity, lack recognition, or risk dangerous misinterpretation, making them unsuitable alternatives.