Which of the following is false regarding heparin?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Subcutaneous injection of heparin is avoided because it can lead to hematomas due to its anticoagulant properties. Heparin is not stored in mast cells (B), but it is synthesized in mast cells. Heparin binds to plasma antithrombin III and inhibits activated thrombin (C). Protamine sulfate can be used to counteract heparin overdose by binding to heparin and neutralizing its anticoagulant effects (D). Therefore, the statement that subcutaneous injection of heparin is avoided due to hematoma formation is the false statement among the options provided.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Quinine and clindamycin. Quinine is recommended for pregnant women due to its safety profile in pregnancy. Clindamycin is often used in combination with quinine to treat malaria during pregnancy. A: Atovaquone and proguanil are not recommended for pregnant women due to limited safety data. B: Quinine and doxycycline should be avoided in pregnancy as doxycycline can harm the fetus. D: Primaquine is not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus. In summary, the combination of quinine and clindamycin is the most suitable anti-malarial drug for pregnant women due to their safety profiles and efficacy in treating malaria without harming the fetus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reduction of glutathione. In the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP), NADPH is generated, which serves as a reducing agent. This NADPH is crucial for reducing oxidized glutathione back to its reduced form, maintaining cellular antioxidant defense. This process helps to protect cells from oxidative damage and maintain redox balance. Now, let's summarize why the other choices are incorrect: A: Synthesis of fatty acids - NADPH is indeed involved in fatty acid synthesis, but in the context of red blood cells, the primary role of NADPH is in reducing glutathione. C: Formation of ATP - NADPH is not directly involved in ATP synthesis. ATP is primarily produced through processes like glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. D: Removal of oxygen radicals - While NADPH indirectly contributes to the removal of oxygen radicals through its role in reducing glutathione, it is not the primary function of NAD

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because iron absorption primarily occurs in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the small intestine. This is where iron is absorbed into the bloodstream and utilized by the body. Absorption in the large intestine, as stated in choice A, is incorrect. Intrinsic factor, mentioned in choice B, is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12, not iron. Ascorbic acid actually enhances iron absorption, so choice C is incorrect. Absorption in hereditary hemochromatosis, as in choice D, is increased due to a genetic mutation causing excessive iron absorption, not with oral iron supplements.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Absolute lymphocytes. In CLL, the most important diagnostic criterion is an absolute lymphocyte count of more than 5,000 cells per microliter in the peripheral blood. This is a key feature of CLL and distinguishes it from other conditions. Hypogammaglobulinemia (choice A) may occur in CLL but is not as specific for diagnosis. Male predominance (choice C) is a general characteristic of CLL but is not a diagnostic criterion. Presence of enlarged lymph nodes (choice D) is a common manifestation of CLL but not the most important criteria for diagnosis.