Which of the following is considered to be a genomic competency for the public health workforce by the National Office of Public Health Genomics?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the National Office of Public Health Genomics emphasizes the importance of public health professionals recognizing the limitations of their own knowledge and seeking appropriate expertise when needed. Judgment consistent with making referrals shows awareness of one's competency level in genomics, which is crucial for effective public health practice. Interpreting a karyotype (A) and running a Genome-wide Association Study (C) are technical skills that may not be necessary for all public health professionals. Choice B is not a valid option as it is incomplete.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because both DNA and proteins are polymers composed of repeating units. In DNA, the subunits are nucleotides, while in proteins, the subunits are amino acids. This structural similarity allows for the interchangeability of subunits during synthesis and provides diversity in molecular structures and functions. Choice B is incorrect because while hydrogen bonds are important in stabilizing the structures of both DNA and proteins, they are not the primary determinant of their overall structure. Choice C is incorrect because while the shape of proteins (tertiary structure) directly influences their function, DNA function is primarily related to its sequence rather than its shape.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Both parents contribute a "haploid" gamete. In Mendelian genetics, offspring inherit one set of chromosomes from each parent, resulting in a combination of genetic material from both parents. This process involves the fusion of haploid gametes during fertilization, leading to genetic variation in the offspring. This fundamental principle of genetic inheritance is crucial in understanding Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. A: Genes code for proteins - This statement is true but not the basis of Mendelian genetics. The relationship between genes and proteins is important but not specific to Mendelian genetics. C: One parent's genome is dominant - This statement is incorrect. Dominance is a concept related to gene expression, not the basis of Mendelian genetics. D: Genes can skip generations - This statement refers to non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, such as incomplete dominance or epistasis, which do not align with the basic principles of Mendelian genetics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the Hardy-Weinberg equation requires all the conditions mentioned in choices A, B, and C to be met for a population to be in genetic equilibrium. Choice A ensures genetic diversity, choice B ensures no natural selection, and choice C ensures no gene flow from other populations, which are all essential for the equation to be valid. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it encompasses all necessary conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Chromosome aberrations can arise through breakage, which may occur due to various factors such as errors during DNA replication or exposure to mutagens. Recombination can also lead to chromosome aberrations when there are errors in the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes. Additionally, radiation can cause chromosome aberrations by inducing DNA damage. Therefore, all the choices (A, B, and C) are valid mechanisms through which chromosome aberrations can arise.