Which of the following is considered one of the first examples of public health surveillance in the United States?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the cholera outbreak study by John Snow. Snow's study in London in 1854 is considered one of the first examples of public health surveillance as he tracked the source of the outbreak to contaminated water. He used mapping and data analysis to identify patterns and make informed decisions. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The CDC was established in 1946, long after Snow's study. C: National vaccination programs came later and are not directly related to surveillance. D: Edward Jenner's work focused on smallpox vaccination, not surveillance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medicare. In the 1960s, Medicare was introduced as a health program specifically aimed at expanding health coverage to older adults in the U.S. Medicare provides health insurance for individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities. Medicaid (B) is a separate program that provides health coverage to low-income individuals and families. The Affordable Care Act (C) was passed in 2010 and aimed to increase access to health insurance for all Americans, not specifically targeting older adults. The Children's Health Insurance Program (D) was created in 1997 to provide health coverage to children in low-income families, not older adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. This report, released in 1964, was a landmark publication that highlighted the link between smoking and health risks, leading to significant public health interventions to reduce tobacco use. It played a crucial role in raising awareness about the dangers of smoking and paved the way for tobacco control policies. Choice B, the U.S. National Health Survey, is not directly related to tobacco use reduction efforts in the 1960s. Choice C, the Global Health Strategy on Smoking, is too broad and not specific to the 1960s public health goals. Choice D, the Healthy People Initiative, was not launched until the late 1970s and is not specifically focused on tobacco use reduction during the 1960s.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals were launched in the 21st century to address various global challenges, including health, by 2030. They aim to improve global health by focusing on a wide range of interconnected issues such as poverty, inequality, education, and climate change. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Millennium Development Goals were a set of targets for developing countries established in 2000, not specifically focused on health. B: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on strengthening global health security to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, not achieving broader health-related goals. D: The Healthy People 2030 Initiative is a US-based initiative aimed at setting national health objectives, not global health goals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, widespread vaccination programs. Vaccination programs played a significant role in controlling infectious diseases like polio and smallpox by creating herd immunity, reducing transmission, and preventing outbreaks. Antibiotic resistance research (A) focuses on bacteria, not viruses like polio and smallpox. Immunization against tuberculosis (C) targets a specific disease and not the broad impact of vaccines. Antiviral treatments (D) are effective for treating viral infections but do not prevent the spread of diseases on a population level like vaccination programs do.