Which of the following is considered a solution that contains molecules, such as proteins, that are too large to pass through the capillary membrane?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Colloid solution. Colloid solutions contain large molecules like proteins that are too large to pass through the capillary membrane, making them effective in increasing oncotic pressure within the blood vessels. Hypertonic solutions (A) have higher solute concentration, hypotonic solutions (B) have lower solute concentration, and crystalloid solutions (C) contain small molecules that can easily pass through the capillary membrane.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because spinal cord injury can exist without visible fractures on x-rays. Objective findings may not be present initially, making it imperative to consider further evaluation beyond imaging studies. Central cord syndrome (choice A) typically presents with specific symptoms such as motor weakness in the upper extremities, which may not align with the given scenario. While MRI (choice B) is valuable for detailed soft tissue evaluation, it may not always be necessary for diagnosis. CT scan (choice C) is useful for visualizing bony structures but may not capture subtle spinal cord injuries. Thus, choice D is the most appropriate as it emphasizes the importance of clinical assessment and the possibility of spinal cord injury without immediate radiographic evidence.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Diaphragmatic breathing in an unconscious patient who has fallen indicates injury to the spine. Step 2: Diaphragmatic breathing occurs when the spinal cord is damaged at a higher level, affecting the phrenic nerve. Step 3: This is a reliable clinical sign of spinal cord injury that requires immediate medical attention. Summary: A: Incorrect. A normal lateral c-spine film does not definitively exclude injury as soft tissue injuries may not be visible. B: Incorrect. Vertebral injuries can occur without immediate signs of cord injury due to the protective nature of the spinal cord. C: Incorrect. Immobilization on a short spine board is not always necessary and should be based on clinical assessment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because immobilization is crucial until a spinal fracture is ruled out by X-ray to prevent exacerbating a potential injury. A) Completing the neurologic exam is important but not sufficient to ensure spinal stability. B) Transfer to definitive care is essential but does not guarantee spinal fracture exclusion. C) Patient's ability to indicate no neck pain does not confirm absence of spinal injury.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. In a stable patient with no concerning symptoms after a traumatic event, cervical spine x-rays are not needed. This is because the decision to obtain imaging should be guided by clinical indications, such as presence of neck pain, neurological deficits, altered mental status, or midline tenderness. In this case, the patient is awake, alert, neurologically normal, and has no neck pain or midline tenderness, making imaging unnecessary. It is important to rely on clinical assessment rather than routine imaging to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure and healthcare costs. Other choices are incorrect because cervical spine x-rays are not always needed, they are not definitive in ruling out injuries, and addressing breathing or circulatory issues takes precedence over imaging in an unstable patient.