Which of the following is characterized by excess urine production resulting in low blood volume?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Diabetes insipidus Rationale: 1. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excess urine production due to inadequate ADH secretion. 2. Low blood volume occurs as a result of increased urine output, leading to dehydration. 3. Cushing syndrome involves excess cortisol production, not excess urine production. 4. Tetany is caused by low calcium levels, not excess urine production. 5. Oversecretion of ACTH leads to excess cortisol production, not excess urine production.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. 2. A deficiency of ADH leads to decreased water reabsorption, resulting in increased urine output (polyuria). 3. Polyuria causes dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and concentrated urine. 4. Elevated blood glucose levels (choice A) and diabetes mellitus (choice B) are not directly related to ADH deficiency. 5. Expanding blood volume (choice D) would not occur due to decreased water reabsorption. Summary: A deficiency of ADH most likely induces polyuria by decreasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Elevated blood glucose levels, diabetes mellitus, and expanding blood volume are not direct consequences of ADH deficiency.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Growth of the musculoskeletal system. Somatotropic hormone, also known as growth hormone, plays a crucial role in stimulating growth and development of bones, muscles, and tissues. It promotes the growth of the musculoskeletal system by stimulating the production of proteins that are essential for muscle and bone growth. This effect is the most important function of somatotropic hormone as it directly impacts overall body growth and physical development. Explanation for other choices: A: Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium - This is not a primary function of somatotropic hormone. Calcium regulation is mainly controlled by other hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. C: Regulation of sodium and water balance - This function is primarily controlled by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, not somatotropic hormone. D: Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy - Labor initiation is regulated by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins, not somat

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin does not increase the generation of ketone bodies. Insulin actually inhibits ketogenesis by promoting glucose utilization and storage, preventing the breakdown of fats for energy. A, B, and C are all characteristics of insulin's function: A) Insulin increases glucose transport into the cell to lower blood glucose levels; B) It suppresses gluconeogenesis, the production of new glucose in the liver; C) Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in cells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target organs, while exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts onto the body's surface or into specific locations. This distinction is crucial as it highlights the mode of transportation of their secretions. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because exocrine glands do not release waste; they release enzymes, sweat, etc. Exocrine glands can be formed by various types of tissues, not just connective tissue. Additionally, exocrine glands do not necessarily act completely independently; they can be part of a system or network but still release their secretions through ducts.