Which of the following is caused by ADH?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ADH makes the distal nephron (collecting duct) water-permeable inserts aquaporins (e.g., concentrates urine). Urea reabsorption is medullary ADH aids, not PCT. All nephron water increase overstates distal-specific. NaCl in descending limb is passive not ADH. Permeability change distinguishes it, critical for osmoregulation, unlike urea or broad errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: COâ‚‚ excretion by lungs is fastest seconds to alter pH (e.g., hyperventilation). Kidney H excretion takes hours slow. Buffers act instantly chemical, not system. Protein binding assists secondary. Lung speed distinguishes it, critical for acute control, unlike renal or buffer pace.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic alkalosis fits pH 7.55 (high), HCO₃⁻ 40 (elevated), PCO₂ 52 (compensatory rise) from GI H loss (e.g., vomiting). Metabolic acidosis lowers pH/HCO₃⁻ opposite. Respiratory alkalosis drops PCO₂ unmatched. Respiratory acidosis raises PCO₂/lowers pH misfit. HCO₃⁻ elevation distinguishes it, critical for alkalosis diagnosis, unlike acidotic or respiratory shifts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bowman's capsule encases the glomerulus not ureter (transport), loop of Henle (medulla), or bladder (storage). This specifies filtration anatomy, key for understanding GFR, contrasting with distant structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Micturition is urination not defecation (feces), filtration (kidney), or digestion (gut). This terms the voiding process, key for bladder function, contrasting with unrelated actions.