Which of the following is associated with hyperthyroidism?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland. 2. Heat intolerance is a common symptom due to increased metabolic rate. 3. Weight gain is associated with hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism. 4. Dry skin is more commonly seen in hypothyroidism. 5. Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typical in hyperthyroidism. Summary: Choice C, heat intolerance, is associated with hyperthyroidism due to increased metabolic activity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are more commonly associated with hypothyroidism or other conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: low levels of calcium in the blood. Parathyroid hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels to help increase calcium levels by promoting its release from bones and enhancing its absorption in the intestines. This response helps maintain calcium homeostasis. TSH from the posterior pituitary gland (choice A) is not related to parathyroid hormone release. High levels of calcium in the blood (choice B) would not stimulate parathyroid hormone release as it is released in response to low calcium levels. Calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland (choice C) actually works in opposition to parathyroid hormone by promoting calcium deposition in bones and decreasing blood calcium levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids inhibit the inflammatory response by suppressing the immune system. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by blocking the production of inflammatory substances like prostaglandins and cytokines. This effect is only observed in large amounts of glucocorticoids. Choices A, B, and C are not produced exclusively by large amounts of glucocorticoids. Normal responsiveness of fat depots to norepinephrine and maintenance of normal vascular reactivity are not directly related to glucocorticoids in large amounts. Increased excretion of a water load is more influenced by other factors such as hydration status and renal function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because peptide hormones are hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they bind to receptors on the cell surface to initiate signaling pathways within the cell. Therefore, they are unable to enter the target cell like lipid-soluble hormones do. By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, peptide hormones trigger a series of events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. Therefore, all of the given statements are true, making D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones. Tropic hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland and act on target glands to regulate the secretion of specific hormones. They help maintain homeostasis by controlling hormone levels in the body. Choices A and B are incorrect because tropic hormones do not target the pineal gland or thymus gland. Choice D is incorrect because tropic hormones primarily target endocrine glands, not nervous tissue. In summary, tropic hormones play a key role in regulating hormone production in other endocrine glands, making choice C the correct answer.