Which of the following is an upstream intervention that a nurse may employ to address the high rate of sedentary lifestyles in a community?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Obtaining funding for community walking trails. This is an upstream intervention because it addresses the root cause of sedentary lifestyles by creating an environment that promotes physical activity. By providing walking trails, the nurse is enabling community members to engage in physical activity easily. This intervention targets the environment rather than focusing solely on individual behavior change. A: Counseling community members on the negative health effects of being sedentary is a downstream intervention that focuses on individual behavior change rather than addressing the broader environmental factors contributing to sedentary lifestyles. B: Conducting body mass index screenings during a community health fair is a midstream intervention that assesses individual health status but does not directly address the root cause of sedentary lifestyles. D: Sending mailings with exercise tips to community residents is a downstream intervention that provides information but does not create an environment conducive to physical activity like building walking trails would.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because quaternary prevention focuses on avoiding unnecessary medical interventions that can potentially harm individuals. A, reducing negative impacts, is tertiary prevention. B, early detection and treatment, is secondary prevention. C, addressing root causes, is primary prevention. Therefore, D is the best example of quaternary prevention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because promoting a weekly farmer's market for locally grown fruits and vegetables aligns with community health principles by addressing cardiovascular disease prevention through risk-factor modification at a population level. This approach promotes healthy eating habits and access to fresh produce, which can help reduce the risk factors for heart disease in the community as a whole. Choice A is incorrect as it focuses on individual counseling rather than a population-based approach. Choice C is incorrect because it pertains to managing heart disease in an individual rather than preventing it at a community level. Choice D is incorrect as it involves a specific program for community members with heart failure rather than a prevention-focused initiative for the broader population.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the American Nurses Association (ANA) has indeed identified nine core concepts for public health nursing. These core concepts are crucial in guiding the practice of public health nurses and ensuring high-quality care for populations. Choice A is incorrect as the scope of practice for public health nurses is different but not necessarily broader than that of a registered nurse. Choice B is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information. Choice D is incorrect as public health nurses follow standards specific to public health, not those developed for medicine. In summary, choice C is correct because it aligns with the established core concepts for public health nursing, while the other choices are either inaccurate or irrelevant.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because managing the care of clients diagnosed with health conditions is an example of a downstream intervention. Downstream interventions focus on managing existing health issues in individuals or groups. This involves providing treatment, care, and support to those already affected by a health condition. Choices A, C, and D are not examples of downstream interventions. A focuses on prevention and promotion, C involves addressing social determinants of health at a broader level, and D targets root causes of health problems in a population, which are more upstream interventions.