Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tertiary prevention aims at reducing the impact of an already established disease. Physical therapy falls under tertiary prevention as it helps improve function and quality of life in individuals with existing health conditions. Vaccination (A) is an example of primary prevention, screening for cancer (B) is secondary prevention, and health education (D) can be part of primary or secondary prevention but not specific to tertiary prevention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because epidemiology not only focuses on studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events but also emphasizes applying this knowledge to control health problems. Choice A is incorrect because it lacks the application aspect. Choice C is incorrect as it specifically mentions social factors, which is a narrower focus than epidemiology. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses solely on health systems and services, neglecting the broader scope of epidemiology. In summary, choice B aligns with the comprehensive nature of epidemiology by encompassing both study and application aspects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cholera. Cholera is a communicable disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through contaminated food or water. It spreads easily from person to person. Diabetes (A) and Hypertension (B) are non-communicable diseases related to lifestyle and genetics. HIV/AIDS (C) is a communicable disease, but Cholera is a more direct example as it is primarily spread through contaminated water sources.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cancer. Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted from person to person and are often chronic in nature. Cancer is a non-communicable disease characterized by abnormal cell growth. Tuberculosis (A) and Malaria (B) are infectious diseases caused by bacteria and parasites, respectively, and can be transmitted between individuals. Heart disease (D) can have both genetic and lifestyle factors, but it is not communicable. In summary, cancer fits the criteria of being non-communicable, while the other choices involve transmission between individuals.