Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention in community health?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because screening for early detection of breast cancer is an example of secondary prevention in community health. Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent its progression. Screening helps identify health issues before symptoms appear, allowing for timely intervention. Providing immunizations (choice A) is an example of primary prevention aimed at preventing the onset of disease. Encouraging smoking cessation (choice C) and providing education about healthy lifestyle choices (choice D) are examples of tertiary prevention, focusing on managing and treating existing health conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: John Snow. He is considered the 'father of modern epidemiology' for his work in identifying the source of a cholera outbreak in London in the 1850s. Snow's meticulous investigation led him to pinpoint contaminated water as the source of the outbreak, pioneering the field of epidemiology. Louis Pasteur (A) is known for his work in microbiology and developing the germ theory of disease, not specifically epidemiology. Florence Nightingale (C) was a pioneer in nursing and healthcare reform, but not specifically in epidemiology. Joseph Lister (D) is known for his contributions to antiseptic surgery, not epidemiology.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to promote international cooperation in health efforts. This is the correct answer because the WHO was established to coordinate global health initiatives, share knowledge, and address health challenges collectively. By fostering collaboration among countries, the WHO aims to improve health outcomes worldwide. Choice A is incorrect as the WHO does not primarily provide funding for local health projects but focuses on coordinating efforts at a global level. Choice B is incorrect as the WHO does not create laws regarding healthcare policies but rather provides guidelines and recommendations for member states. Choice D is incorrect as the WHO does not mandate vaccinations for all nations but works to ensure access to vaccines and promote vaccination programs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The introduction of maternal and child health programs. This policy was significant in reducing infant mortality rates as it focused on providing healthcare services specifically tailored to the needs of mothers and children, including prenatal care, postnatal care, and child wellness visits. By improving access to healthcare and education for mothers and children, this policy directly contributed to reducing infant mortality rates. A: The establishment of free clinics for low-income families may have helped improve access to healthcare but may not have specifically targeted maternal and child health needs. C: The development of national health insurance may have improved overall healthcare access but may not have had a targeted approach to reducing infant mortality rates. D: The creation of universal vaccination programs is important for public health but may not have been the sole or most significant factor in reducing infant mortality rates in the early 20th century.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To conduct public health surveillance and promote disease prevention. The CDC's primary mission is to monitor health trends, detect and investigate health problems, and promote public health through education and prevention programs. This is evident in its extensive work in tracking disease outbreaks, conducting research on disease prevention strategies, and providing guidance to healthcare professionals and the public. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the CDC's main focus is not on developing medications, managing healthcare costs, or overseeing environmental protection laws.