Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because providing early detection screenings for breast cancer falls under secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat a disease in its early stages to prevent complications. This approach helps identify the disease before symptoms appear, improving treatment outcomes. A, encouraging people to exercise regularly, is an example of primary prevention, focusing on preventing the disease from occurring in the first place. C, providing vaccines to prevent disease, is also an example of primary prevention by preventing the disease from developing. D, offering smoking cessation programs to prevent lung cancer, is a combination of primary and secondary prevention, as it aims to prevent the disease by eliminating the risk factor and also detects potential cases early.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. The host in the epidemiological triangle represents the individual or group affected by the health issue. 2. In this scenario, the community members who are affected by health problems are the host. 3. They play a critical role in the transmission and progression of diseases within the community. Summary of incorrect choices: - A: Environmental factors are part of the environment component of the triangle, not the host. - B: The health care system is not the host but can influence disease transmission and healthcare access. - D: Pathogens are part of the agent component of the triangle, not the host.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because public health nursing focuses on population-level interventions through advocacy for policy changes to improve overall health outcomes. This aligns with the core principles of public health, emphasizing prevention and addressing social determinants of health. Providing direct care to individuals (A) is more aligned with clinical nursing. Focusing on the treatment of acute illnesses (C) is more of a medical approach rather than a public health approach. Conducting research to develop new medical treatments (D) is important but not the primary goal of public health nursing, which is more focused on prevention and promoting health in communities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Providing rehabilitation services to individuals with chronic diseases. Tertiary prevention aims to improve the quality of life and reduce the impact of an ongoing illness or condition. Rehabilitation services help individuals manage and cope with the effects of chronic diseases, preventing further complications and promoting functional independence. A: Providing vaccines to prevent disease is an example of primary prevention, preventing the initial occurrence of a disease. B: Educating individuals about healthy lifestyles is an example of secondary prevention, aiming to detect and treat conditions early to prevent further progression. D: Screening for early signs of cancer is also an example of secondary prevention, detecting cancer at an early stage to improve outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Conducting a needs assessment survey. This method allows for systematic data collection from a diverse sample of community members, providing a comprehensive understanding of health needs. It ensures a holistic approach, considering various perspectives and demographics. Survey results can identify key health issues, prioritize interventions, and guide resource allocation effectively. Reviewing local health statistics (B) may not capture the nuances of community needs. Interviewing community leaders (C) may not represent the entire community. Observing behaviors (D) alone may not provide insights into underlying health issues. Conducting a needs assessment survey is the most inclusive and evidence-based method for determining community health needs.