Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Liver. The liver is an accessory digestive organ as it produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The other choices, A: Esophagus, C: Stomach, and D: Small intestine, are primary digestive organs involved directly in the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients. The esophagus is responsible for transporting food to the stomach, the stomach digests food with gastric juices, and the small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. Therefore, the liver stands out as the correct answer as it supports the digestive process rather than directly participating in it.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lactose. Brush border enzymes in the small intestine, specifically lactase, digest lactose into its component sugars, glucose, and galactose. Lactose is a disaccharide found in dairy products that needs to be broken down for absorption. Starch (A) is primarily digested by salivary and pancreatic amylase. Cholesterol esters (B) are broken down by pancreatic enzymes. Galactose (D) is a monosaccharide that is a product of lactose digestion, not directly digested by brush border enzymes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: pyloric stenosis. This condition typically presents at 2-4 weeks of age and is more common in males. The rationale behind this is that pyloric stenosis is the narrowing of the passage between the stomach and small intestine, leading to projectile vomiting after feeding, which becomes apparent around 2-4 weeks of age. Intestinal atresia, Meckel's diverticulum, and Hirschsprung's disease do not typically present with symptoms at this specific age range and do not have a strong male preponderance as seen in pyloric stenosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: esophagus. Esophageal carcinoma has the worst prognosis due to its aggressive nature, late presentation, and tendency for metastasis. The esophagus is a narrow tube that can easily obstruct, leading to difficulty swallowing and delayed diagnosis. Stomach, small intestine, and colon carcinomas generally have better prognoses compared to esophageal carcinoma due to earlier detection and treatment options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Low blood glucose is a feature after removal of the pancreas. The pancreas is an important organ that produces insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. After pancreas removal, insulin production is disrupted, leading to high blood glucose. This causes symptoms of hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Choice A is incorrect as the pancreas is not an endocrine gland that secretes heparin; it is actually an endocrine gland that secretes insulin and glucagon. Choice B is also incorrect as high blood glucose, not low blood glucose, is a feature after pancreatic removal. Choice D is incorrect because only choice C is accurate.