Which of the following is a type of heart attack that occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to damage or death of the tissue due to lack of oxygen. Angina (B) is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart but does not cause permanent damage like a heart attack. Stroke (C) is a brain-related condition caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain. Congestive heart failure (D) is when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Valve replacement. This surgical procedure involves opening or replacing a narrowed or blocked heart valve. During valve replacement, a damaged valve is removed and replaced with a new one to restore normal blood flow. Angioplasty (B) involves opening blocked arteries, stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep arteries open, and coronary bypass surgery (D) involves rerouting blood flow around blocked coronary arteries. These procedures are not specifically related to treating narrowed or blocked heart valves, making them incorrect choices for this question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, impeding blood flow from the heart to the body, leading to symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Mitral stenosis involves narrowing of the mitral valve, affecting blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle. C: Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve leaks, causing blood to flow backward into the heart. D: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, unrelated to aortic valve narrowing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is characterized by narrowed or blocked arteries in the legs and feet, resulting in reduced blood flow, causing pain and difficulty walking. This condition is specifically related to arterial issues, unlike varicose veins (C) which involve veins, atherosclerosis (B) which is a broader term for arterial plaque buildup, and Raynaud's disease (D) which is characterized by episodic vasospasm affecting blood flow to extremities. Therefore, PAD is the most accurate choice given the symptoms described in the question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stress test. This test evaluates the heart's response to physical stress by monitoring the heart's activity during exercise on a treadmill. It helps diagnose heart conditions such as coronary artery disease. Echocardiogram (B) is an ultrasound test that examines the heart's structure and function. Holter monitor (C) records the heart's activity over a period to detect irregularities. CT angiography (D) is a type of imaging test to visualize blood vessels. However, none of these options specifically assess the heart's response to physical stress like a stress test does.