Which of the following is a potassium-sparing diuretic?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, which means that it helps the body get rid of excess sodium and water while retaining potassium. This is accomplished by blocking the action of aldosterone, a hormone that normally causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water and excrete potassium. Potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone are often used in conjunction with other diuretics to prevent potassium loss and maintain electrolyte balance. In contrast, options A, C, and D (Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Bumetanide) are loop diuretics or thiazide diuretics which promote the excretion of both sodium and potassium.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication commonly used to prevent and treat blood clots, specifically thromboembolic events. It works by inhibiting the production of certain clotting factors in the liver, thereby reducing the risk of clot formation in blood vessels. Warfarin is often prescribed for conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism to help prevent strokes, heart attacks, and other complications associated with blood clots. It is not used for suppressing seizure activity, causing laxative action, or relieving anginal attacks.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: MIMS stands for Monthly Index of Medical Specialties. It is a comprehensive drug database and medical reference resource widely used by healthcare professionals around the world. MIMS provides essential information on prescription and over-the-counter drugs, medical news, disease management guidelines, medical directories, and more. The term "Monthly" in MIMS highlights that the information is regularly updated on a monthly basis to ensure healthcare professionals have access to the most current and reliable information relevant to their practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The term "effervescent" refers to the process of a gas being released from a substance when added to water. This is commonly observed when certain tablets or powders are added to water, resulting in the production of bubbles or fizz. Mucilage refers to a thick, sticky substance, while spirits typically refer to alcoholic beverages. Collyria are eye drops, and collodion is a solution used in photography and medicine. Therefore, the correct term for the described process is "effervescent."

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Epinephrine primarily acts on beta1 adrenergic receptors in the alveolar mucosa during root end surgery. This results in vasoconstriction, which reduces bleeding in the surgical field by constricting blood vessels. With decreased bleeding, the surgical site becomes clearer, allowing for better visualization and manipulation during the procedure. Additionally, epinephrine may also prolong the duration of anesthesia by reducing systemic uptake of the local anesthetic solution, thus enhancing its effect locally.