Which of the following is a potassium-sparing diuretic?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, which means that it helps the body get rid of excess sodium and water while retaining potassium. This is accomplished by blocking the action of aldosterone, a hormone that normally causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water and excrete potassium. Potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone are often used in conjunction with other diuretics to prevent potassium loss and maintain electrolyte balance. In contrast, options A, C, and D (Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Bumetanide) are loop diuretics or thiazide diuretics which promote the excretion of both sodium and potassium.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The term "effervescent" refers to the process of a gas being released from a substance when added to water. This is commonly observed when certain tablets or powders are added to water, resulting in the production of bubbles or fizz. Mucilage refers to a thick, sticky substance, while spirits typically refer to alcoholic beverages. Collyria are eye drops, and collodion is a solution used in photography and medicine. Therefore, the correct term for the described process is "effervescent."

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, which belongs to the aldosterone receptor antagonists. It works by inhibiting aldosterone activity in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of the kidney. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions. By blocking aldosterone, Spironolactone allows for increased excretion of sodium while retaining potassium and hydrogen ions, making it a suitable choice for patients who need to maintain potassium levels or are at risk for hypokalemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication commonly used to prevent and treat blood clots, specifically thromboembolic events. It works by inhibiting the production of certain clotting factors in the liver, thereby reducing the risk of clot formation in blood vessels. Warfarin is often prescribed for conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism to help prevent strokes, heart attacks, and other complications associated with blood clots. It is not used for suppressing seizure activity, causing laxative action, or relieving anginal attacks.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and is commonly used for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and depression. By providing exogenous levothyroxine, the medication helps restore normal thyroid hormone levels in the body, thereby alleviating the symptoms of hypothyroidism and restoring normal hormonal balance. It is important to monitor thyroid hormone levels regularly when on levothyroxine therapy to ensure optimal dosing and maintenance of normal thyroid function.