Which of the following is a potassium-sparing diuretic?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spironolactone is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic. It works by antagonizing the aldosterone receptor, leading to potassium retention and sodium excretion, making it a suitable choice for conditions where potassium retention is desired, such as in patients with heart failure or liver cirrhosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Angiotensin II receptor agents belong to the drug class called angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). The generic names of ARBs usually end in -sartan, helping to identify this specific class of medications. Therefore, medications that end in -sartan are likely to be angiotensin II receptor agents.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pharmacology, it is crucial to understand drug interactions and contraindications to ensure patient safety. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator commonly used to treat angina by dilating blood vessels to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart. The correct answer, option D (erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil, tadalafil), is contraindicated with nitroglycerin due to their potential additive hypotensive effects. Both nitroglycerin and erectile dysfunction drugs can cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure if used together, which can result in syncope, dizziness, or even life-threatening complications. Option A, hydrochloroquine, is an antimalarial drug and immunosuppressant that does not have significant interactions with nitroglycerin. Option B, methylprednisolone, is a corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory effects and does not have direct contraindications with nitroglycerin. Option C, phenazopyridine, is a urinary analgesic commonly used to relieve discomfort associated with urinary tract infections and does not have interactions with nitroglycerin. Understanding drug interactions and contraindications is essential for healthcare providers to make informed decisions when prescribing medications to prevent adverse effects and ensure optimal patient outcomes. It is crucial for pharmacology students and healthcare professionals to be aware of these interactions to provide safe and effective patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A severe adverse effect of warfarin is bleeding. Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting blood clotting factors, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding. Excessive bleeding can occur internally or externally, and it is crucial for individuals taking warfarin to be aware of this potential complication and seek medical attention if they experience any signs of bleeding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Metformin has dual actions by decreasing hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption, which helps in reducing blood glucose levels, and it also increases sensitivity to insulin, aiding in its proper utilization within the body. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as metformin performs both of these actions.